Prevalence and Correlation of Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study of Nearly 10 Million Multi-Ethnic Chinese Adults

References

• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2006;21(1):1–6. doi:10.1097/01.hco.0000200416.65370.a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekoubou A, Ovbiagele B, Markovic D, Sanossian N, Towfighi A. Age, sex, and race/ethnic temporal trends in metabolic syndrome prevalence among individuals with myocardial infarction or stroke in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2017;376:24–28. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.073
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore JX, Chaudhary N, Akinyemiju T. Metabolic syndrome prevalence by race/ethnicity and sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E24. doi:10.5888/pcd14.160287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imitrijevic Z, Jovanovic A, Cvetkovic M, Vrecic T, Kostic E, Mitic B. Associations of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality with metabolic syndrome in hemodialysis patients: a prospective single-center study. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania). 2019;55(10).
   Google Scholar
• ON S, OD L. Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obesity Rev. 2015;16(1):1–12. doi:10.1111/obr.12229
   Google Scholar
• Hirode G, Wong RJ. Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2011–2016. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2526–2528. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand SS, Yi Q, Gerstein H, et al. Relationship of metabolic syndrome and fibrinolytic dysfunction to cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2003;108(4):420–425. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000080884.27358.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaspers Faijer-Westerink H, Kengne AP, Meeks KAC, Agyemang C. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutri Metabol Cardiovas Dis. 2020;30(4):547–565. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron AJ, Magliano DJ, Zimmet Z, Welborn T, Shaw JE. The metabolic syndrome in Australia: prevalence using four definitions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(3):471–478. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.02.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herningtyas H, Ng TS. Prevalence and distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components among provinces and ethnic groups in Indonesia. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):377. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6711-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li R, Li W, Lun Z, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mainland China: a meta-analysis of published studies. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):296. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2870-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H, Gao X, Ma R, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among multi-ethnic adults in rural areas in Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17643. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17870-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W X, Howell D, Tang L, et al. Comparative study on prevalence of metabolic syndrome based on three criteria among adults in Zhejiang province, China: an observational study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(4):e035216. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Du Z, Xing L, Liu S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome based on three definitions in rural northeast China. Public Health Nutr. 2020;1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Guo M, An Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of metabolic associated fatty liver disease in Xinxiang, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Fan S, Xue Z, et al. Evaluation of the appropriate predictive contributor and diagnostic threshold for the cardio-metabolic syndrome in Chinese Uyghur adults. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):613. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6803-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu Y, Zheng H, Zou Z, et al. Related factors in chinese children and adolescents: analysis from a Chinese National Study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020;27(6):534–544. doi:10.5551/jat.50591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• L Y, Mai Z, Zhou S, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in China: an up-dated cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0196012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet (London, England). 2004;363(9403):157–163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Guricci S. Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obesity Rev. 2002;3(3):141–146. doi:10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00065.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Du Z, Xing L, Liu S, et al. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome based on three definitions in rural northeast China. Public Health Nutr. 2020;1–8. doi:10.1017/S1368980019004166
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal SP, Ramadas A, Fatt QK, et al. Relationship of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and diet habits with metabolic syndrome (MetS) among three ethnic groups of the Malaysian population. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0224054. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224054
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin L, Luo B, Gao F, Feng X, Liu J. Effect of exposure to famine during early life on risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:3251275. doi:10.1155/2020/3251275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan Andrew KG, Dunn RA, Yen ST. Ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in malaysia: an analysis by risk factors. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2011;9(6):441–451. doi:10.1089/met.2011.0031
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yim E, Lee K, Park I, Lee S. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and health-related behavior changes: the Korea National Health Examination Survey. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland). 2020;8:2.
   Google Scholar
• KG A, RH E, SM G, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–1645.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leys C, Klein O, Dominicy Y, Ley C. Detecting multivariate outliers: use a robust variant of the Mahalanobis distance. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2018;74:150–156. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saklayen MGS. The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12. doi:10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y-Y, Fu Z-Y, Wei J, et al. A LIMA1 variant promotes low plasma LDL cholesterol and decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption. Science (New York, NY). 2018;360(6393):1087–1092. doi:10.1126/science.aao6575
   Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Chen C, Jin X, et al. Autosomal DIPs for population genetic structure and differentiation analyses of Chinese Xinjiang Kyrgyz ethnic group. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11054. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29010-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mei T, Zhang L-P, Liu Y-S, et al. 24 Y-chromosomal STR haplotypic structure for Chinese Kazak ethnic group and its genetic relationships with other groups. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130(5):1199–1201. doi:10.1007/s00414-016-1331-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo Y, Chen C, Xie T, et al. Forensic efficiency estimate and phylogenetic analysis for Chinese Kyrgyz ethnic group revealed by a panel of 21 short tandem repeats. Royal Society Open Science. 2018;5(6):172089. doi:10.1098/rsos.172089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Y. Different matrilineal contributions to genetic structure of ethnic groups in the silk road region in china. Mol Biol Evol. 2004;21(12):2265–2280. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu S, Guo X, Yang H, Zheng L, Sun Y. An update on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated factors in rural northeast China. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(877).
   Google Scholar
• Fujimoto WY, Bergstrom RW, Boyko EJ, et al. Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in Japanese Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;S73–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oh SS, Kim W, Han K-T, et al. Alcohol consumption frequency or alcohol intake per drinking session: which has a larger impact on the metabolic syndrome and its components? Alcohol (Fayetteville, NY). 2018;71:15–23. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.01.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uemura H, Katsuura-Kamano S, Yamaguchi M, et al. Serum hepatic enzyme activity and alcohol drinking status in relation to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the general Japanese population. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakabayashi I. Frequency of heavy alcohol drinking and risk of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(6):1689–1696. doi:10.1111/acer.12425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore JX, Chaudhary N, Akinyemiju T. Metabolic syndrome prevalence by race/ethnicity and sex in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-2012. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017;14:E24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar