A Comparison Between the Therapeutic Effect of Metformin Alone versus a Combination Therapy with Insulin in Uncontrolled, Non-Adherence Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Six Months Follow-Up

References

• Menesi FA , Sherif FM , El-Gharadwi M , et al. comparative study of metformin alone, in combination with insulin or metformin plus insulin in presence of simvastatin in libyan diabetic patients. Pharm Pharmacol Int J . 2017;5(2):58–62.
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care . 2009;32(Suppl 1):S62–S67. doi:10.2337/dc09-S062.19118289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyer C , Hanson RL , Tataranni PA , Bogardus C , Pratley RE . A high fasting plasma insulin concentration predicts type 2 diabetes independent of insulin resistance. Evidence for a pathogenic role of relative hyperinsulinemia. Diabetes . 2000;49:2094–2101.11118012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galicia-Garcia U , Benito-Vicente A , Jebari S , et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci . 2020;21:6275. doi:10.3390/ijms21176275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu FB . Globalization of Diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle and genes. Diabetes Care . 2011;34(6):1249–1257.21617109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oputa RN . Diabetes mellitus: a global epidemic with potential solutions. Afr J Diabetes Med . 2012;20(2):33–35.
   Google Scholar
• Olokoba AB , Obateru OA , Olokoba LB . Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Med J . 2012;27(4):269–273. doi:10.5001/omj.2012.68 23071876
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kharroubi AT , Darwish HM . Diabetes mellitus: the epidemic of the century. World J Diabetes . 2015;6(6):850–867. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850 26131326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundal R , Krssak M , Dufour S , et al. Mechanism by which metformin reduces glucose production in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes . 2000;49(12):2063–2069.11118008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2021 Guidelines on the management of patients with diabetes. A position of Diabetes Poland. J Diabetes Poland . 2021;10(1). doi:10.5603/DK.2021.0001
   Google Scholar
• Rena G , Hardie G , Pearson E . The mechanisms of action of metformin. Diabetologia . 2017;60(9):1577–1585.28776086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong L , Goswami S , Giacomini KM , Altman RB , Klein TE . Metformin pathways: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenet Genomics . 2012;22(11):820–827.22722338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA , Goodman AM . Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. N Engl J Med . 1995;333:541–549.7623902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margit Solymár M , Ivic I , Pótó L , Hegyi P , Garami A , Hartmann P . Metformin induces significant reduction of body weight, total cholesterol and LDL levels in the elderly – a meta-analysis. PLOS ONE . 2018;26. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207947.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulffele MG , Kooy A , Lehiert P , et al. Combination of insulin and metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2002;25:2133–2140.12453950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med . 2002;346:393–403.11832527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng J , Li Y , Xu W , et al. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on β-cell function and glycaemic control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a multicentre randomised paralel- group trial. Lancet . 2008;371:1753–1760.18502299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugtenburg JG , Timmers L , Elders PJM , Vervloet M , van Dijk L . Definitions, variants, and causes of nonadherence with medication: a challenge for tailored interventions. Patient Prefer Adherence . 2013;7:675–682. doi:10.2147/PPA.S29549 23874088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrijens B , De Geest S , Hughes DA , et al. A new taxonomy for describ-ing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol . 2012;73(5):691–705.22486599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AR , Al-Abdul Lateef ZN , Al Aithan MA , Bu-Khamseen MA , Ibrahim I , Khan SA . Factors contributing to non-compliance among diabetics attending primary health centers in the Al Hasa district of Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med . 2012;19(1):26–32. doi:10.4103/2230-8229.94008 22518355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loghman Adham M . Medication noncompliance in patients with chronic disease: issues in dialysis and renal transplantation. Am J Manag Care . 2003;9:155–171.12597603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmingsen B , Christensen LL , Wetterslev J , et al. Comparison of metformin and insulin versus insulin alone for type 2 diabetes: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. BMJ . 2012;344. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambade V , Sharma YV , Somani BL . Methods for estimation of blood glucose: a comparative evaluation. Med J Armed Forces India . 1998;54(2):131–133. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(17)30502-6 28775446
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu Y , Yang X , Wang H , Li Z , Wang T . Evaluation of hemoglobin A 1c measurement from filter paper using high-performance liquid chromatography and immunoturbidimetric assay. Scand J Clin Lab Invest . 2017;77(2):104–108. doi:10.1080/00365513.2016.1271907 28097881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara JR , Cohn JS , Wilson PW , Schaefer EJ . Calculated values for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the assessment of lipid abnormalities and coronary disease risk. Clin Chem . 1990;36(1):36–42.2297935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beevers G , Lip GYH , O’Brien E . ABC of hypertension. Blood pressure measurement. Part I—Sphygmomanometry: factors common to all techniques. BMJ . 2001;322(7292):981–985. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7292.981 11312235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner RC , Cull CA , Frighi V , Holman RR . Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA . 2005-2012;1999(21).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DCCT Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes . 1995;44:968–983.7622004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkubo Y . Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 1995;25:103–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UKPDS Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet . 1998;352:837–853.9742976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UKPDS Group. UKPDS 28: a randomised trial of efficacy of early addition of metformin in sulphonyl-urea-treated non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes Care . 1998;21:87–92.9538975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulffele MG , Kooy A , De Zeeuw D . The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Int Med . 2004;256:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviles-Santa L , Sinding J , Raskin P . Effects of metformin in patients with poorly controlled insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med . 1999;131(3):182–188.10428734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca V , Gill J , Zhou R , Leahy J . An analysis of early insulin glargine added to metformin with or without sulfonylurea: impact on glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2011;13:814–822.21481127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourão-Júnior CA , Sá JR , Guedes OMS , Dib SA . Effects of metformin on the glycemic control, lipid profile, and arterial blood pressure of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome already on insulin. Braz J Med Biol Res . 2006;39(4):489–494. doi:10.1590/S0100-879X2006000400009 16612472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay JP , Alemzadeh R , Langley G , Angelo LD , Smith P , Holshouser S . Beneficial effects of metformin in normoglycemic morbidly obese adolescents. Metabolism . 2001;50(12):1457–1461. doi:10.1053/meta.2001.28078 11735093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina SK , Kashya SR . Effects of metformin on weight loss: potential mechanisms. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes . 2014;21:323–329.25105996
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giugliano D , De Rosa N , Di Maro G , et al. Metformin Improves glucose, lipid metabolism, and reduces blood pressure in hypertensive, obese women. Diabetes Care . 1993;16(10):1387–1390.8269798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long Z , Huanhuan L , Xiaoxiao W , Yaguang P , Yu T , Liancheng Z . Effects of metformin on blood pressure in nondiabetic patients a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens . 2017;35(1):18–26.27607453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugliano D , Quatraro A , Consoli G , et al. Metformin for obese, insulin-treated diabetic patients: improvement in glycaemic control and reduction of metabolic risk factors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol . 1993;44:107–112.8453955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab M , Khader YS , Al-Khawaldeh A , Ajlouni K . Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with Type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications . 2010;24(2):84–89.19282203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake TC , Hsu FC , Hire D , et al. Factors associated with failure to achieve a glycated haemoglobin target of <8.0% in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2016;18:92–95. doi:10.1111/dom.12569 26435375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar