Comparison with ancestral diets suggests dense acellular carbohydrates promote an inflammatory microbiota, and may be the primary dietary cause of leptin resistance and obesity

References

• Zimmet PZ McCarty DJ de Courten MP The global epidemiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome J Diabetes Complications 1997 11 2 60 68 9101389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakravarthy MV Booth FW Eating, exercise, and “thrifty” genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases J Appl Physiol 2004 96 1 3 10 14660491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Lundh B Apparent absence of stroke and ischaemic heart disease in a traditional Melanesian island: a clinical study in Kitava J Intern Med 1993 233 3 269 275 8450295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Nilsson-Ehle P Terent A Vessby B Schersten B Cardiovascular risk factors in a Melanesian population apparently free from stroke and ischaemic heart disease: the Kitava study J Intern Med 1994 236 3 331 340 8077891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster-Powell K Holt SHA Brand-Miller JC International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values Am J Clin Nutr 2002 76 1 5 56 12081815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Eliasson M Lindahl B Ahren B Low serum insulin in traditional Pacific Islanders – the Kitava Study Metabolism 1999 48 10 1216 1219 10535381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Soderberg S Ahren B Olsson T Large differences in serum leptin levels between nonwesternized and westernized populations: the Kitava study J Intern Med 2001 249 6 553 558 11422662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Berntorp E Carlsson R Eliasson M Marckmann P Haemostatic variables in Pacific Islanders apparently free from stroke and ischaemic heart disease – the Kitava Study Thromb Haemost 1997 77 1 94 98 9031456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Berntorp E Nilsson-Ehle P Terent A Vessby B Age relations of cardiovascular risk factors in a traditional Melanesian society: the Kitava Study Am J Clin Nutr 1997 66 4 845 852 9322559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mente A Razak F Blankenberg S Ethnic variation in adiponectin and leptin levels and their association with adiposity and insulin resistance Diabetes Care 2010 33 7 1629 1634 20413520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka M Umezaki M Natsuhara K No difference in serum leptin concentrations between urban-dwelling Austronesians and Non-Austronesians in Papua New Guinea Am J Hum Biol 2005 17 6 696 703 16254894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bribiescas RG Serum leptin levels and anthropometric correlates in Ache Amerindians of eastern Paraguay Am J Phys Anthropol 2001 115 4 297 303 11471127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bribiescas RG Hickey MS Population variation and differences in serum leptin independent of adiposity: a comparison of Ache Amerindian men of Paraguay and lean American male distance runners Nutr Metab (Lond) 2006 3 34 16942616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vessby B Ahren B Warensjo E Lindgarde F Plasma lipid fatty acid composition, desaturase activities and insulin sensitivity in Amerindian women Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012 22 3 176 181 21093233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgarde F Widen I Gebb M Ahren B Traditional versus agricultural lifestyle among Shuar women of the Ecuadorian Amazon: effects on leptin levels Metabolism 2004 53 10 1355 1358 15375794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biss K Ho KJ Mikkelson B Lewis L Taylor CB Some unique biologic characteristics of the Masai of East Africa N Engl J Med 1971 284 13 694 699 5107799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerqueira MT Fry MM Connor WE The food and nutrient intakes of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico Am J Clin Nutr 1979 32 4 905 915 433816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleave TL The Saccharine Disease Conditions Caused by the Taking of Refined Carbohydrates Such as Sugar and White Flour Bristol Wright 1974
   Google Scholar
• Connor WE Cerqueira MT Connor RW Wallace RB Malinow MR Casdorph HR The plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and diet of the Tarahumara indians of Mexico Am J Clin Nutr 1978 31 7 1131 1142 665563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnison CP Blood pressure in the African native. Its bearing upon the aetiology of hyperpiesia and arterio-sclerosis Lancet 1929 213 6 7
   Google Scholar
• Eaton SB Konner M Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications N Engl J Med 1985 312 5 283 289 2981409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson A Behrens C Nutritional criteria in Machiguenga food production decisions: a linear-programming analysis Hum Ecol 1982 10 2 167 189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Paleolithic diets as a model for prevention and treatment of western disease Am J Hum Biol 2012 24 2 110 115 22262579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little MA Galvin K Mugambi M Cross-sectional growth of nomadic Turkana pastoralists Hum Biol 1983 55 4 811 830 6674104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray MJ Murray AB Murray CJ An ecological interdependence of diet and disease? A study of infection in one tribe consuming two different diets Am J Clin Nutr 1980 33 3 697 701 7355850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page LB Damon A Moellering RCJr Antecedents of cardiovascular disease in six Solomon Islands societies Circulation 1974 49 6 1132 1146 4831656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz LO Bennett PH Ravussin E Effects of traditional and western environments on prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the US Diabetes Care 2006 29 8 1866 1871 16873794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ Nelson RG Hardy SA Manahan EM Bennett PH Knowler WC Survey of the diet of Pima Indians using quantitative food frequency assessment and 24-hour recall. Diabetic Renal Disease Study J Am Diet Assoc 1996 96 8 778 784 8683009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truswell AS Kennelly BM Hansen JD Lee RB Blood pressures of !Kung bushmen in Northern Botswana Am Heart J 1972 84 1 5 12 5080283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers RS Luxwolda MF Dijck-Brouwer DA Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet Br J Nutr 2010 104 11 1666 1687 20860883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohle A Hahn A Sebastian A Latitude, local ecology, and hunter-gatherer dietary acid load: implications from evolutionary ecology Am J Clin Nutr 2010 92 4 940 945 20702605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohle A Hahn A Diets of modern hunter-gatherers vary substantially in their carbohydrate content depending on ecoenvironments: results from an ethnographic analysis Nutr Res 2011 31 6 429 435 21745624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordain L Eaton SB Miller JB Mann N Hill K The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic Eur J Clin Nutr 2002 56 Suppl 1 S42 S52 11965522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond J The double puzzle of diabetes Nature 2003 423 6940 599 602 12789325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopping BN Erber E Mead E Roache C Sharma S High levels of physical activity and obesity co-exist amongst Inuit adults in Arctic Canada J Hum Nutr Diet 2010 23 Suppl 1 110 114 21158969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekary RA Feskanich D Hu FB Willett WC Field AE Physical activity in relation to long-term weight maintenance after intentional weight loss in premenopausal women Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 18 1 167 174 19498346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Food and Western Disease: Health and Nutrition from an Evolutionary Perspective Oxford Wiley-Blackwell 2010
   Google Scholar
• O’Dea K Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle Diabetes 1984 33 6 596 603 6373464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris KA Kris-Etherton PM Effects of whole grains on coronary heart disease risk Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010 12 6 368 376 20820954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams PG Evaluation of the evidence between consumption of refined grains and health outcomes Nutr Rev 2012 70 2 80 99 22300595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson T Granfeldt Y Ahren B Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: a randomized cross-over pilot study Cardiovasc Diabetol 2009 8 35 19604407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindeberg S Jonsson T Granfeldt Y A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease Diabetologia 2007 50 9 1795 1807 17583796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson T Granfeldt Y Erlanson-Albertsson C Ahren B Lindeberg S A paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010 7 85 21118562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterdahl M Kocturk T Koochek A Wandell PE Effects of a short-term intervention with a paleolithic diet in healthy volunteers Eur J Clin Nutr 2008 62 5 682 685 17522610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frassetto LA Schloetter M Mietus-Synder M Morris RCJr Sebastian A Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet Eur J Clin Nutr 2009 63 8 947 955 19209185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson T Olsson S Ahren B Bog-Hansen TC Dole A Lindeberg S Agrarian diet and diseases of affluence – do evolutionary novel dietary lectins cause leptin resistance? BMC Endocr Disord 2005 5 10 16336696
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lumeng CN Saltiel AR Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease J Clin Invest 2011 121 6 2111 2117 21633179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassenius MI Pietilainen KH Kaartinen K Bacterial endotoxin activity in human serum is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation Diabetes Care 2011 34 8 1809 1815 21636801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thuy S Ladurner R Volynets V Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is associated with increased plasma endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations and with fructose intake J Nutr 2008 138 8 1452 1455 18641190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volynets V Kuper MA Strahl S Nutrition, intestinal permeability, and blood ethanol levels are altered in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Dig Dis Sci Epub March 17, 2012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jialal I Huet BA Kaur H Chien A Devaraj S Increased toll-like receptor activity in patients with metabolic syndrome Diabetes Care 2012 35 4 900 904 22357188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte SV Caruana JA Ghanim H Reduction in endotoxemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus Surgery 2012 151 4 587 593 22088821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanim H Abuaysheh S Sia CL Increase in plasma endotoxin concentrations and the expression of Toll-like receptors and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in mononuclear cells after a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal: implications for insulin resistance Diabetes Care 2009 32 12 2281 2287 19755625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erridge C Diet, commensals and the intestine as sources of pathogen-associated molecular patterns in atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Atherosclerosis 2011 216 1 1 6 21439567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cani PD Bibiloni R Knauf C Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice Diabetes 2008 57 6 1470 1481 18305141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deopurkar R Ghanim H Friedman J Differential effects of cream, glucose, and orange juice on inflammation, endotoxin, and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 Diabetes Care 2010 33 5 991 997 20067961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljada A Friedman J Ghanim H Glucose ingestion induces an increase in intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB, a fall in cellular inhibitor kappaB, and an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha messenger RNA by mononuclear cells in healthy human subjects Metabolism 2006 55 9 1177 1185 16919536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanim H Aljada A Daoud N Deopurkar R Chaudhuri A Dandona P Role of inflammatory mediators in the suppression of insulin receptor phosphorylation in circulating mononuclear cells of obese subjects Diabetologia 2007 50 2 278 285 17180352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caesar R Reigstad CS Backhed HK Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide augments adipose macrophage accumulation but is not essential for impaired glucose or insulin tolerance in mice Gut 4 25 2012 [Epub ahead of print.]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergheim I Weber S Vos M Antibiotics protect against fructose- induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin J Hepatol 2008 48 6 983 992 18395289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim JS Mietus-Snyder M Valente A Schwarz JM Lustig RH The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010 7 5 251 264 20368739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustig RH Schmidt LA Brindis CD Public health: the toxic truth about sugar Nature 2012 482 7383 27 29 22297952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding S Chi MM Scull BP High-fat diet: bacteria interactions promote intestinal inflammation which precedes and correlates with obesity and insulin resistance in mouse PLoS One 2010 5 8 e12191 20808947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de La Serre CB Ellis CL Lee J Hartman AL Rutledge JC Raybould HE Propensity to high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats is associated with changes in the gut microbiota and gut inflammation Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010 299 2 G440 G448 20508158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lartigue Barbier de la SC Espero E Lee J Raybould HE Diet-induced obesity leads to the development of leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011 301 1 E187 E195 21521717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lartigue Barbier de la SC Espero E Lee J Raybould HE Leptin resistance in vagal afferent neurons inhibits cholecystokinin signaling and satiation in diet induced obese rats PLoS One 2012 7 3 e32967 22412960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilsey J Zolotukhin S Prima V Scarpace PJ Central leptin gene therapy fails to overcome leptin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003 285 5 R1011 R1020 14557234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed AS Unger EK Olofsson LE Piper ML Myers MGJr Xu AW Functional role of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 upregulation in hypothalamic leptin resistance and long-term energy homeostasis Diabetes 2010 59 4 894 906 20068134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Membrez M Blancher F Jaquet M Gut microbiota modulation with norfloxacin and ampicillin enhances glucose tolerance in mice FASEB J 2008 22 7 2416 2426 18326786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poggi M Bastelica D Gual P C3H/HeJ mice carrying a toll-like receptor 4 mutation are protected against the development of insulin resistance in white adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet Diabetologia 2007 50 6 1267 1276 17426960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruss A Kanuri G Wagnerberger S Haub S Bischoff SC Bergheim I Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice Hepatology 2009 50 4 1094 1104 19637282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukumo DM Carvalho-Filho MA Carvalheira JB Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance Diabetes 2007 56 8 1986 1998 17519423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin SC Kim SH You H Drosophila microbiome modulates host developmental and metabolic homeostasis via insulin signaling Science 2011 334 6056 670 674 22053049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam V Su J Koprowski S Intestinal microbiota determine severity of myocardial infarction in rats FASEB J 2012 26 4 1727 1735 22247331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh PJ Hamady M Yatsunenko T A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins Nature 2009 457 7228 480 484 19043404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippo C Cavalieri D Di Paola M Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 107 33 14691 14696 20679230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhed F Programming of host metabolism by the gut microbiota Ann Nutr Metab 2011 58 Suppl 2 44 52 21846980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wanders AJ van den Borne JJ de Graaf C Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Obes Rev 2011 12 9 724 739 21676152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cani PD Amar J Iglesias MA Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance Diabetes 2007 56 7 1761 1772 17456850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugerette F Furet JP Debard C Oil composition of high-fat diet affects metabolic inflammation differently in connection with endotoxin receptors in mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012 302 3 E374 E386 22094473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi K Manabe I Oishi-Tanaka Y Saturated fatty acid and TLR signaling link β cell dysfunction and islet inflammation Cell Metab 2012 15 4 518 533 22465073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY Sohn KH Rhee SH Hwang D Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induce the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through Toll-like receptor 4 J Biol Chem 2001 276 20 16683 16689 11278967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suganami T Tanimoto-Koyama K Nishida J Role of the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-kappaB pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007 27 1 84 91 17082484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster GD Wyatt HR Hill JO A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity N Engl J Med 2003 348 21 2082 2090 12761365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster GD Wyatt HR Hill JO Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: a randomized trial Ann Intern Med 2010 153 3 147 157 20679559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner CD Kiazand A Alhassan S Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study: a randomized trial JAMA 2007 297 9 969 977 17341711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hite AH Berkowitz VG Berkowitz K Low-carbohydrate diet review: shifting the paradigm Nutr Clin Pract 2011 26 3 300 308 21586415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley KA Hopkins CM Smith KJ Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women Diabetologia 2005 48 1 8 16 15616799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkworth GD Noakes M Buckley JD Keogh JB Clifton PM Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo Am J Clin Nutr 2009 90 1 23 32 19439458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza RJ Bray GA Carey VJ Effects of 4 weight-loss diets differing in fat, protein, and carbohydrate on fat mass, lean mass, visceral adipose tissue, and hepatic fat: results from the POUNDS LOST trial Am J Clin Nutr 2012 95 3 614 625 22258266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendyala S Walker JM Holt PR A High-Fat Diet Is Associated With Endotoxemia That Originates From the Gut Gastroenterology 2012 142 5 1100 1101 22326433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng A Waldron KW Effect of cooking and pre-cooking on cell-wall chemistry in relation to firmness of carrot tissues J Sci Food Agric 1997 73 4 513 502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker CC Parker ML Smith AC Waldron KW Pectin distribution at the surface of potato parenchyma cells in relation to cell-cell adhesion J Agric Food Chem 2001 49 9 4364 4371 11559139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman-Gutierrez AD Guilbert S Cuq B Description of microstructural changes in wheat flour and flour components during hydration by using environmental scanning electron microscopy Lebenson Wiss Technol 2002 35 730 740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincher GB Molecular and cellular biology associatedwith endosperm mobilization in germinating cereal grains Annu Rev Plant Physiol 1989 40 305 346
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro A Mu W Roncal C Cheng KY Johnson RJ Scarpace PJ Fructose-induced leptin resistance exacerbates weight gain in response to subsequent high-fat feeding Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008 295 5 R1370 R1375 18703413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercader J Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone Age Science 2009 326 5960 1680 1683 20019285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno DR Weiss E Holst I Nadel D Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis Nature 2004 430 7000 670 673 15295598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revedin A Aranguren B Becattini R Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 107 44 18815 18819 20956317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hujoel P Dietary carbohydrates and dental-systemic diseases J Dent Res 2009 88 6 490 502 19587153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaus HD Tam ME Oral health and the postcontact adaptive transition: a contextual reconstruction of diet in Morrope, Peru Am J Phys Anthropol 2010 141 4 594 609 19918990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood N Johnson RB Streckfus CF Comparison of body composition and periodontal disease using nutritional assessment techniques: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) J Clin Periodontol 2003 30 4 321 327 12694430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodson JM Groppo D Halem S Carpino E Is obesity an oral bacterial disease? J Dent Res 2009 88 6 519 523 19587155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner S Imfeld T Schicht O Rath C Persson RE Persson GR The impact of the stone age diet on gingival conditions in the absence of oral hygiene J Periodontol 2009 80 5 759 768 19405829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart PB Bolger AF Papapanou PN Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does the evidence support an independent association?: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Circulation 2012 125 20 2520 2544 22514251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accurso A Bernstein RK Dahlqvist A Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal Nutr Metab (Lond) 2008 5 9 18397522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim EL Hollingsworth KG Aribisala BS Chen MJ Mathers JC Taylor R Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol Diabetologia 2011 54 10 2506 2514 21656330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho KJ Mikkelson B Lewis LA Feldman SA Taylor CB Alaskan Arctic Eskimo: responses to a customary high fat diet Am J Clin Nutr 1972 25 8 737 745 5046723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer O Medical observations and problems in the Canadian Arctic. II Can Med Assoc J 1959 81 386 393 13854653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruckdorfer KR Antioxidants and CVD Proc Nutr Soc 2008 67 2 214 222 18412995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampey BP Vanhoose AM Winfield HM Cafeteria diet is a robust model of human metabolic syndrome with liver and adipose inflammation: comparison to high-fat diet Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 19 6 1109 1117 21331068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• www.ndb.nal.usda.gov [homepage on the internet] NDL/FNIC Food Composition Database Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library (modified Dec 7. 2011].Available from http://ndb.nal.usda.gov Accessed July 2012
   Google Scholar