Visceral Adiposity Index and Lipid Accumulation Product as Effective Markers of Different Obesity Phenotypes in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

References

• Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korean national health and nutrition examination survey ‘08–’20. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2022. Available from: https://www.index.go.kr/unify/idx-info.do?idxCd=8021. Accessed May 09, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Machann J, et al. Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1609–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandekar MJ, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. Molecular mechanisms of cancer development in obesity. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11:886–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2006;444:840–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;444:875–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309:71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beleigoli AM, Boersma E, Diniz Mde F, Lima-Costa MF, Ribeiro AL. Overweight and class I obesity are associated with lower 10-year risk of mortality in Brazilian older adults: the Bambuí Cohort Study of Ageing. PLoS One. 2012;7:e52111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karelis AD. Metabolically healthy but obese individuals. Lancet. 2008;372:1281–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnouho GM, Czernichow S, Dugravot A, Batty GD, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of mortality: does the definition of metabolic health matter. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2294–2300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Wang C, Guan S, et al. The prevalence of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity according to different criteria. Obes Facts. 2019;12:78–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips CM, Dillon C, Harrington JM, et al. Defining metabolically healthy obesity: role of dietary and lifestyle factors. PLoS One. 2013;8:e76188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du T, Yu X, Zhang J, Sun X. Lipid accumulation product and visceral adiposity index are effective markers for identifying the metabolically obese normal-weight phenotype. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52:855–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang YC, Hayashi T, Fujimoto WY, et al. Visceral abdominal fat accumulation predicts the conversion of metabolically healthy obese subjects to an unhealthy phenotype. Int J Obes. 2015;39:1365–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin M, Bulur S, Alemdar R, et al. The impact of metabolic syndrome on carotid intima media thickness. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:2295–2301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biyik Z, Guney I. Lipid accumulation product and visceral adiposity ındex: two new indices to predict metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23:2167–2173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, et al. Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:920–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn HS. The “lipid accumulation product” performs better than the body mass index for recognizing cardiovascular risk: a population-based comparison. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2005;5:26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bozorgmanesh M, Hadaegh F, Azizi F. Predictive performances of lipid accumulation product vs. adiposity measures for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality, 8.6-year follow-up: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XH, Zhang M, He J, et al. Comparison of anthropometric and atherogenic indices as screening tools of metabolic syndrome in the Kazakh adult population in Xinjiang. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Meigs JB, et al. Discordant risk: overweight and cardiometabolic risk in Chinese adults. Obesity. 2013;21:E166–E174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon K, Sung SH, Chang YK, et al. The association between Apolipoprotein E genotype and lipid profiles in healthy woman workers. J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43:213–221. Korean.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcelik F, Yiginer O, Dogan M, Tokatli A. The importance of visceral adipose tissue as a scale for assessing the metabolic syndrome and obesity. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:2475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou X, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Impact of waist circumference and body mass index on risk of cardiometabolic disorder and cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults: a national diabetes and metabolic disorders survey. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primeau V, Coderre L, Karelis AD, et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes. 2011;35:971–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JI, Cho YH, Lee SY, et al. The association between obesity phenotypes and early renal function decline in adults without hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Korean J Fam Med. 2019;40:176–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YW, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D. Larger amounts of visceral adipose tissue in Asian Americans. Obes Res. 2001;9:381–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caterson ID, Gill TP. Obesity: epidemiology and possible prevention. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;16:595–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abruzzese GA, Cerrrone GE, Gamez JM, et al. Lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) as markers of insulin resistance and metabolic associated disturbances in young Argentine women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Horm Metab Res. 2017;49:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira FG, Juvanhol LL, da Silva DCG, Longo GZ. Visceral adiposity index is a better predictor of unhealthy metabolic phenotype than traditional adiposity measures: results from a population-based study. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22:1545–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janghorbani M, Aminorroaya A, Amini M. Comparison of different obesity indices for predicting incident hypertension. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017;24:157–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin KA, Kim YJ. Usefulness of surrogate markers of body fat distribution for predicting metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older Korean populations. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:2251–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motamed N, Razmjou S, Hemmasi G, Maadi M, Zamani F. Lipid accumulation product and metabolic syndrome: a population-based study in northern Iran, Amol. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016;39:375–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn HS, Cheng YJ. Longitudinal changes in BMI and in an index estimating excess lipids among white and black adults in the United States. Int J Obes. 2008;32:136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar