Association Between Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone Indices and Diabetic Retinopathy in Euthyroid Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

References

• White NH, Pan Q, Knowler WC, et al. Risk factors for the development of retinopathy in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: the diabetes prevention program experience. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2653–2661. doi:10.2337/dc22-0860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon SD, Chew E, Duh EJ, et al. Diabetic retinopathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(3):412–418. doi:10.2337/dc16-2641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KY, Hsih WH, Lin YB, Wen CY, Chang TJ. Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(8):1322–1325. doi:10.1111/jdi.13480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Krzentowski G, Albert A, Lefebvre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(7):1275–1279. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza A, Hollenberg AN. New insights into thyroid hormone action. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;173:135–145. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts MR, Srinivas M, Forrest D, Morreale de Escobar G, Reh TA. Making the gradient: thyroid hormone regulates cone opsin expression in the developing mouse retina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(16):6218–6223. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509981103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiroi Y, Kim HH, Ying H, et al. Rapid nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(38):14104–14109. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601600103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng SY, Leonard JL, Davis PJ. Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):139–170. doi:10.1210/er.2009-0007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaschke A, Weiland J, Del Turco D, Steiner M, Peichl L, Glosmann M. Thyroid hormone controls cone opsin expression in the retina of adult rodents. J Neurosci. 2011;31(13):4844–4851. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6181-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao X, Lu M, Xie RR, et al. A high TSH level is associated with diabetic macular edema: a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine Connections. 2022;11(7):5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari Z, Asadzadeh R. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021;35:186. doi:10.47176/mjiri.35.186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kong X, Wang J, Gao G, et al. Association between free thyroxine levels and diabetic retinopathy in euthyroid patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Res. 2020;45(2):111–118. doi:10.1080/07435800.2019.1690504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou J, Li Z, Tian F, et al. Association between normal thyroid hormones and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:8161797. doi:10.1155/2020/8161797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Hu Z, Tang W, Liu W, Wu X, Pan C. Association of thyroid hormone levels with microvascular complications in euthyroid type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:2467–2477. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S354872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S, Lai S, Wang Z, Liu A, Wang W, Guan H. Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index correlates strongly to renal function in euthyroid individuals. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1945–1955. doi:10.1080/07853890.2021.1993324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Spek AH, Fliers E, Boelen A. The classic pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2017;458:29–38. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jostel A, Ryder WD, Shalet SM. The use of thyroid function tests in the diagnosis of hypopituitarism: definition and evaluation of the TSH Index. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;71(4):529–534. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03534.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoermann R, Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. The role of functional thyroid capacity in pituitary thyroid feedback regulation. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018;48(10):e13003. doi:10.1111/eci.13003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laclaustra M, Moreno-Franco B, Lou-Bonafonte JM, et al. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(2):303–310. doi:10.2337/dc18-1410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai S, Li J, Wang Z, Wang W, Guan H. Sensitivity to thyroid hormone indices are closely associated with NAFLD. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:766419. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.766419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl 1):S14–S80. doi:10.2337/dc14-S014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehran L, Delbari N, Amouzegar A, Hasheminia M, Tohidi M, Azizi F. Reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone is associated with diabetes and hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(1):167–176. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, et al. Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(25):1826–1832. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012213432501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanowicz-Rutkowska MM, Baranowska-Jurkun A, Matuszewski W, Bandurska-Stankiewicz EM. Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Endokrynol Pol. 2020;71(2):176–183. doi:10.5603/EP.a2020.0013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Yue S, Geng J, et al. Relationship between diabetic retinopathy and subclinical hypothyroidism: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:12212. doi:10.1038/srep12212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botello A, Herran M, Salcedo V, Rodriguez Y, Anaya JM, Rojas M. Prevalence of latent and overt polyautoimmunity in autoimmune thyroid disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol. 2020;93(4):375–389. doi:10.1111/cen.14304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu N, Wang L, Zeng Y, et al. The association of thyroid hormones with coronary atherosclerotic severity in euthyroid patients. Horm Metab Res. 2022;54(1):12–19. doi:10.1055/a-1718-6283
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turker F, Oral A, Sahin T, et al. Does the FT3-to-FT4 ratio easily predict the progression of NAFLD and NASH cirrhosis? J Int Med Res. 2021;49(11):3000605211056841. doi:10.1177/03000605211056841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Zhang W, Wang N, et al. Thyroid parameters and kidney disorder in type 2 diabetes: results from the METAL study. J Diabetes Res. 2020;2020:4798947. doi:10.1155/2020/4798947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Teng D, Zhao L, et al. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with hyperuricemia, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2022;32(4):376–384. doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Ma H, Ding XQ. Thyroid hormone signaling in retinal development, survival, and disease. Vitam Horm. 2018;106:333–349. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Eshmawy MM, Shahin M. Thyroid and eye: where they meet in clinical practice. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):39–49. doi:10.2174/1871530319666190618120107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abel ED, Ahima RS, Boers ME, Elmquist JK, Wondisford FE. Critical role for thyroid hormone receptor beta2 in the regulation of paraventricular thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons. J Clin Invest. 2001;107(8):1017–1023. doi:10.1172/JCI10858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumieniak O, Perlstein TS, Hopkins PN, et al. Thyroid function and blood pressure homeostasis in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(7):3455–3461. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun JE, Jin SM, Jee JH, et al. TSH increment and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in euthyroid subjects. Endocrine. 2017;55(3):944–953. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1221-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega E, Koska J, Pannacciulli N, Bunt JC, Krakoff J. Free triiodothyronine plasma concentrations are positively associated with insulin secretion in euthyroid individuals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(2):217–221. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekakis J, Papamichael C, Alevizaki M, et al. Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in subjects with hypothyroidism, borderline hypothyroidism, and high-normal serum thyrotropin (TSH) values. Thyroid. 1997;7(3):411–414. doi:10.1089/thy.1997.7.411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva I, Alva-Sanchez C, Pacheco-Rosado J. The role of thyroid hormones as inductors of oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:218145. doi:10.1155/2013/218145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcu E, Medici M, Pistis G, et al. A meta-analysis of thyroid-related traits reveals novel loci and gender-specific differences in the regulation of thyroid function. PLoS Genet. 2013;9(2):e1003266. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2013;34(3):309–338. doi:10.1210/er.2012-1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura Neto A, Parisi MC, Alegre SM, Pavin EJ, Tambascia MA, Zantut-Wittmann DE. Relation of thyroid hormone abnormalities with subclinical inflammatory activity in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2016;51(1):63–71. doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0651-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar