The Application of the Insulin to C-Peptide Molar Ratio (ICPR) in Primary Screening for Insulin Antibodies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Further Quantitative Study on the Relationship Between ICPR and Insulin Antibodies

References

• Tomic D, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ. The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(9):525–539. doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00690-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson LM, Castle JR. Recent advances in insulin therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(12):929–936. doi:10.1089/dia.2020.0065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineberg SE, Kawabata TT, Finco-Kent D, Fountaine RJ, Finch GL, Krasner AS. Immunological responses to exogenous insulin. Endocr Rev. 2007;28(6):625–652. doi:10.1210/er.2007-0002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen Y, Song X, Ren Y. Insulin autoimmune syndrome induced by exogenous insulin injection: a four-case series. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):148. doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0482-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oak S, Phan T-HT, Gilliam LK, Hirsch IB, Hampe CS. Animal insulin therapy induces a biased insulin antibody response that persists for years after introduction of human insulin. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(2):131–135. doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0135-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YY, Lin CW, Chen IW. Exogenous insulin injection-induced stiff-person syndrome in a patient with latent autoimmune diabetes: a case report and literature review. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:594. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao Y, Li X, Chao C, et al. Severe insulin resistance due to insulin antibodies. J Diabetes. 2018;10(7):611–613. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalant N, Gomberg C, Schucher R. The effect of insulin-binding antibodies on insulin sensitivity. Lancet. 1958;2(7047):614–617. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(58)90337-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett AH, Lange P, Dreyer M, Serdarevic-Pehar M. Long-term tolerability of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(10):1614–1625. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01522.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordis E. Detection of insulin-binding antibodies and separation of free and antibody-bound insulin by rapid chemical procedure. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1960;103(3):542–544. doi:10.3181/00379727-103-25589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias D, Cohen IR, Schechter Y, Spirer Z, Golander A. Antibodies to insulin receptor followed by anti-idiotype. Antibodies to insulin in child with hypoglycemia. Diabetes. 1987;36(3):348–354. doi:10.2337/diabetes.36.3.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J, Zinman B, Murphy LJ, et al. Inhaled insulin improves glycemic control when substituted for or added to oral combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(8):549–558. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-143-8-200510180-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizuka T, Ogawa S, Mori T, et al. Characteristics of the antibodies of two patients who developed daytime hyperglycemia and morning hypoglycemia because of insulin antibodies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84(2):e21–e23. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.02.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu X, Chen F. Exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS): a clinical syndrome associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(1):R47–R55. doi:10.1530/EC-17-0309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Censi S, Mian C, Betterle C. Insulin autoimmune syndrome: from diagnosis to clinical management. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(17):335. doi:10.21037/atm.2018.07.32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett AH, Dreyer M, Lange P, Serdarevic-Pehar M. An open, randomized, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety profile of inhaled human insulin (Exubera) with glibenclamide as adjunctive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on metformin. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1818–1825. doi:10.2337/dc05-1880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebowitz MR, Blumenthal SA. The molar ratio of insulin to C-peptide. An aid to the diagnosis of hypoglycemia due to surreptitious (or inadvertent) insulin administration. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(5):650–655. doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410050082011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quan H, Tan H, Li Q, Li J, Li S. Immunological hypoglycemia associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in 11 Chinese patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:746271. doi:10.1155/2015/746271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua KF, Zhang MY, Zhang Y, Ren BJ, Wu YH. Characteristics of OGTT and correlation between the insulin to C-peptide molar ratio, HOMA-IR, and insulin antibodies in T2DM patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2022;15:2417–2425. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S373475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Medical A. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colagiuri S, Falavigna M, Agarwal MM, et al. Strategies for implementing the WHO diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103(3):364–372. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoli E, Fra GP, Carnevale Schianca GP. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited. Eur J Intern Med. 2011;22(1):8–12. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2010.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kicsiny R. Improved multiple linear regression based models for solar collectors. Renew Energy. 2016;91:224–232. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnurr TM, Jakupovic H, Carrasquilla GD, et al. Obesity, unfavourable lifestyle and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes: a case-cohort study. Diabetologia. 2020;63(7):1324–1332. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05140-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellary S, Kyrou I, Brown JE, Bailey CJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: clinical considerations and management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17(9):534–548. doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00512-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansson AK, Chan LX, Lubans DR, Duncan MJ, Plotnikoff RC. Effect of resistance training on HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the moderating effect of changes in muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2022;10(2):e002595. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Yuan L, Ni WJ, Luo Y, Ma JH. Association of higher circulating insulin antibody with increased mean amplitude glycemic excursion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional, retrospective case-control study. J Diabetes Res. 2019;2019:7304140. doi:10.1155/2019/7304140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu LH, Xu LJ, Ke WJ, et al. Time-in-range during short-term intensive insulin therapy is associated with clinical outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2020;69:2. doi:10.2337/db20-1032-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Ma X, Chen H, Wang K, Zhou L. Delays in insulin initiation among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in southeast china: a retrospective, real-world study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:3059–3068. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S256381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SL, Priestman A, Holmes DT. Recurrent hypoglycemia from insulin autoimmune syndrome. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(1):250–254. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2588-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krysiak R, Kowalcze K, Okopien B. The impact of exogenous vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid men with autoimmune thyroiditis and early-onset androgenic alopecia. Pharmacol Rep. 2021;73(5):1439–1447. doi:10.1007/s43440-021-00295-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao TY, Li F, Xiong ZY. Frequent reoccurrence of hypoglycemia in a type 2 diabetic patient with insulin antibodies. Mol Diagn Ther. 2010;14(4):237–241. doi:10.1007/bf03256379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumvoll M, Mitrakou A, Pimenta W, et al. Use of the oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(3):295–301. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.3.295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyko EJ, Keane EM, Marshall JA, Hamman RF. Higher insulin and C-peptide concentrations in Hispanic population at high risk for NIDDM. San Luis valley diabetes study. Diabetes. 1991;40(4):509–515. doi:10.2337/diab.40.4.509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman J, Baldwin D, Rubenstein AH, et al. Characterization of circulating insulin and proinsulin-binding antibodies in autoimmune hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest. 1979;63(5):1050–1059. doi:10.1172/JCI109374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionescu-Tîrgovişte C, Mincu I, Simionescu L, et al. Disappearance rate of insulin antibodies after discontinuing insulin treatment in 42 type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1984;27(6):592–595. doi:10.1007/bf00276974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirai H, Ogata E, Kikuchi N, et al. The effects of liraglutide on both hypereosinophilic insulin allergy and the characteristics of anti-insulin antibodies in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2016;10:202. doi:10.1186/s13256-016-0994-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan T, Li J, Li M, et al. Insulin autoimmune syndrome diagnosis and therapy in a single Chinese center. Clin Ther. 2019;41(5):920–928. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AG, Hattersley AT. The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2013;30(7):803–817. doi:10.1111/dme.12159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwase H, Kobayashi M, Nakajima M, Takatori T. The ratio of insulin to C-peptide can be used to make a forensic diagnosis of exogenous insulin overdosage. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;115(1–2):123–127. doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00298-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahleova H, Hlozkova A, Fleeman R, Fletcher K, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. Fat quantity and quality, as part of a low-fat, vegan diet, are associated with changes in body composition, insulin resistance, and insulin secretion. A 16-week randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):615. doi:10.3390/nu11030615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar