Female is Associated with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

References

• Verma S, Mazer CD, Yan AT, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease: the EMPA-HEART CardioLink-6 randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 2019;140(21):1693–1702. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanie T, Mizuno A, Takaoka Y, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for people with cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;10:Cd013650. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013650.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science. 2005;308:1583–1587. doi:10.1126/science.1112062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan M, Herreras Z, Pinyol M, et al. Prevalence by sex of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(8):742–748. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34(1):29–34. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(74)90089-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laverty AA, Bottle A, Kim SH, et al. Gender differences in hospital admissions for major cardiovascular events and procedures in people with and without diabetes in England: a nationwide study 2004–2014. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16:100. doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0580-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmborg M, Schmiegelow MDS, Nørgaard CH, et al. Does type 2 diabetes confer higher relative rates of cardiovascular events in women compared with men? Eur Heart J. 2020;41:1346–1353. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtaza G, Virk HUH, Khalid M, et al. Diabetic cardiomyopathy - a comprehensive updated review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62:315–326. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American society of echocardiography and the European Association of cardiovascular imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277–314. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny HC, Abel ED. Heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circ Res. 2019;124(1):121–141. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AW, Clark AL, Witte KK. Review article: left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure in metabolic syndrome and diabetes without overt coronary artery disease — do we need to screen our patients? Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2009;6(3):153–163. doi:10.1177/1479164109338774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillmann WH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 2019;124(8):1160–1162. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MT, Fung K, Aung N, et al. Changes in cardiac morphology and function in individuals with diabetes mellitus: the UK biobank cardiovascular magnetic resonance substudy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(9):e009476. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.119.009476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AJM, Gandy S, McCrimmon R, Houston JG, Struthers AD, Lang CC. A randomized controlled trial of dapagliflozin on left ventricular hypertrophy in people with type two diabetes: the DAPA-LVH trial. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(36):3421–3432. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaduganathan M, Docherty KF, Claggett BL, et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: a comprehensive meta-analysis of five randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2022;400(10354):757–767. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01429-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šuran D, Kanič V, Naji F, et al. Predictors of early cardiac changes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: an echocardiography-based study. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2019;19:384–391. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2019.4250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MT, Sogaard P, Andersen HU, et al. Prevalence of systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes without known heart disease: the Thousand and 1 Study. Diabetologia. 2014;57:672–680. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3164-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia G, DeMarco VG, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12:144–153. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonaglioni A, Barlocci E, Adda G, et al. The impact of short-term hyperglycemia and obesity on biventricular and biatrial. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2022;32(2):456–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toedebusch R, Belenchia A, Pulakat L. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: impact of biological sex on disease development and molecular signatures. Front Physiol. 2018;9:453. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2013;34:309–338. doi:10.1210/er.2012-1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karas RH, Schulten H, Pare G, et al. Effects of estrogen on the vascular injury response in estrogen receptor alpha, beta (double) knockout mice. Circ Res. 2001;89:534–539. doi:10.1161/hh1801.097239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowlton AA, Lee AR. Estrogen and the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;135:54–70. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Y, Shen Y, Kang K, et al. Effects of estrogen on growth and smooth muscle differentiation of vascular wall-resident CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells. Atherosclerosis. 2015;240:453–461. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iorga A, Cunningham CM, Moazeni S, Ruffenach G, Umar S, Eghbali M. The protective role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in cardiovascular disease and the controversial use of estrogen therapy. Biol Sex Differ. 2017;8:33. doi:10.1186/s13293-017-0152-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodari L, Mohammadi M, Ghorbanzadeh V, Dariushnejad H, Mohaddes G. Testosterone and voluntary exercise promote angiogenesis in hearts of rats with diabetes by enhancing expression of VEGF-A and SDF-1a. Can J Diabetes. 2016;40:436–441. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Teng D, Shi X, et al. Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American Diabetes Association: national cross sectional study. BMJ. 2020;369:m997. doi:10.1136/bmj.m997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G. Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2016;37:278–316. doi:10.1210/er.2015-1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar