References
- GuariguataLWhitingDRHambletonIBeagleyJLinnenkampUShawJEGlobal estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035Diabetes Res Clin Pract20141032137 14924630390
- FongDSAielloLPFerrisFL3rdKleinRDiabetic retinopathyDiabetes Care200427102540 255315451934
- DingJWongTYCurrent epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edemaCurr Diab Rep2012124346 35422585044
- YauJWRogersSLKawasakiRGlobal prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathyDiabetes Care2012353556 56422301125
- KleinRKleinBEMossSECruickshanksKJThe Wisconsin Epide-miologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XV. The long-term incidence of macular edemaOphthalmology199510217 167831044
- KleinRKnudtsonMDLeeKEGangnonRKleinBEThe Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy XXIII: the twenty-five-year incidence of macular edema in persons with type 1 diabetesOphthalmology20091163497 50319167079
- CugatiSKifleyAMitchellPWangJJTemporal trends in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in older persons: population-based survey findingsDiabetes Res Clin Pract2006743301 30816716443
- KleinRKleinBEAre individuals with diabetes seeing better? a long-term epidemiological perspectiveDiabetes20105981853 186020668290
- DasAMcGuirePGRangasamySDiabetic macular edema: pathophysiology and novel therapeutic targetsOphthalmology201512271375 139425935789
- Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research groupPhotocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1Arch Ophthalmol1985103121796 18062866759
- RajendramRFraser-BellSKainesAA 2-year prospective randomized controlled trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy (BOLT) in the management of diabetic macular edema: 24-month data: report 3Arch Ophthalmol20121308972 97922491395
- ElmanMJAyalaABresslerNMDiabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research NetworkIntravitreal ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema with prompt versus deferred laser treatment: 5-year randomized trial resultsOphthalmology20151222375 38125439614
- DoDVNguyenQDKhwajaAAREAD-2 Study GroupRanibizumab for edema of the macula in diabetes study: 3-year outcomes and the need for prolonged frequent treatmentJAMA Ophthalmol20131312139 14523544200
- Schmidt-ErfurthULangGEHolzFGRESTORE Extension Study GroupThree-year outcomes of individualized ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema: the RESTORE extension studyOphthalmology201412151045 105324491642
- MassinPBandelloFGarwegJGSafety and efficacy of ranibi-zumab in diabetic macular edema (RESOLVE study): a 12-month, randomized, controlled, double-masked, multicenter phase II studyDiabetes Care201033112399 240520980427
- NguyenQDBrownDMMarcusDMRISE and RIDE Research GroupRanibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDEOphthalmology20121194789 80122330964
- KorobelnikJFDoDVSchmidt-ErfurthUIntravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology2014121112247 225425012934
- WellsJAGlassmanARAyalaARDiabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research NetworkAflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edemaN Engl J Med2015372131193 120325692915
- RangasamySMcGuirePGDasADiabetic retinopathy and inflammation: novel therapeutic targetsMiddle East Afr J Ophthalmol201219152 5922346115
- SemeraroFCancariniAdell’OmoRRezzolaSRomanoMRCostagliolaCDiabetic retinopathy: vascular and inflammatory diseaseJ Diabetes Res2015201558206026137497
- BhagatNGrigorianRATutelaAZarbinMADiabetic macular edema: pathogenesis and treatmentSurv Ophthalmol20095411 3219171208
- McLeodDSLeferDJMergesCLuttyGAEnhanced expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin in the diabetic human retina and choroidAm J Pathol19951473642 6537545873
- Del MaschioAZanettiACoradaMPolymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion triggers the disorganization of endothelial cell-to-cell adherens junctionsJ Cell Biol19961352497 5108896605
- MiyamotoKKhosrofSBursellSEPrevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibitionProc Natl Acad Sci U S A1999961910836 1084110485912
- MiyamotoKHiroshibaNTsujikawaAOguraYIn vivo demonstration of increased leukocyte entrapment in retinal microcirculation of diabetic ratsInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci199839112190 21949761301
- NozakiMOguraYHirabayashiYSaishinYShimadaSEnhanced expression of adhesion molecules of the retinal vascular endothelium in spontaneous diabetic ratsOphthalmic Res2002343158 16412097799
- AdamisAPMillerJWBernalMTIncreased vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the vitreous of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathyAm J Ophthalmol19941184445 4507943121
- AielloLPAveryRLArriggPGVascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disordersN Engl J Med1994331221480 14877526212
- Pe’erJFolbergRItinAGnessinHHemoIKeshetEUpregulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathyBr J Ophthalmol1996803241 2458703862
- AielloLPBursellSEClermontAVascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective beta-isoform-selective inhibitorDiabetes19974691473 14809287049
- QaumTXuQJoussenAMVEGF-initiated blood-retinal barrier breakdown in early diabetesInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci200142102408 241311527957
- AntonettiDABarberAJHollingerLAWolpertEBGardnerTWVascular endothelial growth factor induces rapid phosphorylation of tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occluden 1. A potential mechanism for vascular permeability in diabetic retinopathy and tumorsJ Biol Chem19992743323463 2346710438525
- MelderRJKoenigGCWitwerBPSafabakhshNMunnLLJainRKDuring angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endotheliumNat Med199629992 9978782456
- SemeraroFCancariniAMorescalchiFSerum and intraocular concentrations of erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with type 2 diabetes and proliferative retinopathyDiabetes Metab2014406445 45124878492
- CostagliolaCDanieleAdell’OmoRAqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes before and after intravitreal bevacizumab injectionExp Eye Res201311050 5423454098
- SchwartzSGFlynnHWJrScottIUIntravitreal corticosteroids in the management of diabetic macular edemaCurr Ophthalmol Rep201313
- NauckMKarakiulakisGPerruchoudAPPapakonstantinouERothMCorticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothe-lial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cellsEur J Pharmacol19983412–3309 3159543253
- EdelmanJLLutzDCastroMRCorticosteroids inhibit VEGF-induced vascular leakage in a rabbit model of blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barrier breakdownExp Eye Res2005802249 25815670803
- TamuraHMiyamotoKKiryuJIntravitreal injection of corticosteroid attenuates leukostasis and vascular leakage in experimental diabetic retinaInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20054641440 144415790913
- QiHPBiSWeiSQCuiHZhaoJBIntravitreal versus subtenon tri-amcinolone acetonide injection for diabetic macular edema: a systematic review and meta-analysisCurr Eye Res201237121136 114722793880
- ChiehJJRothDBLiuMIntravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edemaRetina2005257828 83416205559
- ChuangLHYeungLWangNKSecondary ocular hypertension after intravitreal injection with 2 mg or 4 mg of triamcinolone in retinal vein occlusionJ Ocul Pharmacol Ther2010264325 32820653482
- JonasJBSpandauUHKamppeterBARepeated intravitreal high-dosage injections of triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology20061135800 80416530840
- JonasJKreissigISofkerADegenringRIntravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edemaArch Ophthalmol2003121157 6112523885
- SutterFKSimpsonJMGilliesMCIntravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema that persists after laser treatment: three-month efficacy and safety results of a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trialOphthalmology2004111112044 204915522370
- GilliesMCSutterFKSimpsonJMLarssonJAliHZhuMIntravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trialOphthalmology200611391533 153816828501
- GilliesMCSimpsonJMGastonCFive-year results of a ran-domized trial with open-label extension of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology2009116112182 218719796823
- RheeDJPeckREBelmontJIntraocular pressure alterations following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonideBr J Ophthalmol2006908999 100316597664
- RothDBVermaVRealiniTPrennerJLFeuerWJFechtnerRDLong-term incidence and timing of intraocular hypertension after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injectionOphthalmology20091163455 46019157561
- YamashitaTUemuraAKitaHSakamotoTIntraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide following vitrectomy for macular edemaJ Glaucoma2007162220 22417473734
- LondonNJChiangAHallerJAThe dexamethasone drug delivery system: indications and evidenceAdv Ther2011285351 36621494891
- EdelmanJLDifferentiating intraocular glucocorticoidsOphthalmologica2010224Suppl 125 3020714178
- GanIMUgaharyLCvan DisselJTvan MeursJCEffect of intravitreal dexamethasone on vitreous vancomycin concentrations in patients with suspected postoperative bacterial endophthalmitisGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2005243111186 118915906066
- ThakurAKadamRKompellaUBTrabecular meshwork and lens partitioning of corticosteroids: implications for elevated intraocular pressure and cataractsArch Ophthalmol20111297914 92021402977
- EnyediLBPearsonPAAshtonPJaffeGJAn intravitreal device providing sustained release of cyclosporine and dexamethasoneCurr Eye Res1996155549 5578670756
- HainsworthDPPearsonPAConklinJDAshtonPSustained release intravitreal dexamethasoneJ Ocul Pharmacol Ther199612157 638925398
- ZhangLLiYZhangCWangYSongCPharmacokinetics and tolerance study of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticles in rabbitsInt J Nanomedicine20094175 18319774116
- KuppermannBDBlumenkranzMSHallerJADexamethasone DDS Phase II Study GroupRandomized controlled study of an intrav-itreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with persistent macular edemaArch Ophthalmol20071253309 31717353400
- KunoNFujiiSBiodegradable intraocular therapies for retinal disorders: progress to dateDrugs Aging2010272117 13420104938
- SchwartzSGFlynnHWJrFluocinolone acetonide implantable device for diabetic retinopathyCurr Pharm Biotechnol2011123347 35120939799
- SanfordMFluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant (Iluvien®): in diabetic macular oedemaDrugs2013732187 19323335133
- CampochiaroPAHafizGShahSMFamous Study GroupSustained ocular delivery of fluocinolone acetonide by an intravitreal insertOphthalmology201011771393 1399.e320202684
- JaffeGJBen-NunJGuoHDunnJPAshtonPFluocinolone acetonide sustained drug delivery device to treat severe uveitisOphthalmology2000107112024 203311054326
- CampochiaroPABrownDMPearsonAFAME Study GroupLong-term benefit of sustained-delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts for diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology20111184626 63521459216
- CampochiaroPABrownDMPearsonAFAME Study GroupSustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous inserts provide benefit for at least 3 years in patients with diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology2012119102125 213222727177
- PearsonPAComstockTLIpMFluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema: a 3-year multi-center, randomized, controlled clinical trialOphthalmology201111881580 158721813090
- Cunha-VazJAshtonPIezziRFAME Study GroupSustained delivery fluocinolone acetonide vitreous implants: long-term benefit in patients with chronic diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology2014121101892 190324935282
- Ozurdex® (0.7 mg dexamethasone) [package insert]Irvine, CAAllergan Inc2009
- Chang-LinJEAttarMAcheampongAAPharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implantInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci201152180 8620702826
- RishiPMathurGRishiEFractured Ozurdex™ implant in the vitreous cavityIndian J Ophthalmol2012604337 33822824616
- RoyRHegdeSSplit Ozurdex implant: a cautionCan J Ophthalmol2013481e15 e1623419308
- BourgaultSAlbianiDRe: Split Ozurdex implant: a cautionCan J Ophthalmol2013483218 21923769786
- BhagatRZhangJFarooqSLiXYComparison of the release profile and pharmacokinetics of intact and fragmented dexamethasone intravitreal implants in rabbit eyesJ Ocul Pharmacol Ther20143010854 85825411827
- HallerJAKuppermannBDBlumenkranzMSDexamethasone DDS Phase II Study GroupRandomized controlled trial of an intrav-itreous dexamethasone drug delivery system in patients with diabetic macular edemaArch Ophthalmol20101283289 29620212197
- KuppermannBDChouCWeinbergDVDexamethasone DDS Phase II Study GroupIntravitreous dexamethasone effects on different patterns of diabetic macular edemaArch Ophthalmol20101285642 64320212194
- BoyerDSYoonYHBelfortRJrOzurdex MEAD Study GroupThree-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intrav-itreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology2014121101904 191424907062
- PatelJIHykinPGCreeIADiabetic cataract removal: postoperative progression of maculopathy: growth factor and clinical analysisBr J Ophthalmol2006906697 70116540489
- CallananDGGuptaSBoyerDSOzurdex PLACID Study GroupDexamethasone intravitreal implant in combination with laser photocoagulation for the treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology201312091843 185123706947
- GilliesMCLimLLCampainAA randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal dexamethasone for diabetic macular edema: the BEVORDEX studyOphthalmology2014121122473 248125155371
- Chang-LinJEBurkeJAPengQPharmacokinetics of a sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized and nonvit-rectomized eyesInvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci20115274605 460921421864
- BoyerDSFaberDGuptaSOzurdex CHAMPLAIN Study GroupDexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of diabetic macular edema in vitrectomized patientsRetina2011315915 92321487341
- MedeirosMDAlkabesMNavarroRGarcia-ArumíJMateoCCorcósteguiBDexamethasone intravitreal implant in vitrectomized versus nonvitrectomized eyes for treatment of patients with persistent diabetic macular edemaJ Ocul Pharmacol Ther2014309709 71625259834
- BonninSDupasBSanharawiMEEfficacy of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for the treatment of diabetic macular edemaEur J Ophthalmol2015255448 45325684155
- ChinHSParkTSMoonYSOhJHDifference in clearance of intra-vitreal triamcinolone acetonide between vitrectomized and nonvitrec-tomized eyesRetina2005255556 56016077349
- SchindlerRHChandlerDThresherRMachemerRThe clearance of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonideAm J Ophthalmol1982934415 4177072807
- BeerPMBakriSJSinghRJLiuWPetersGB3rdMillerMIntraocular concentration and pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide after a single intravitreal injectionOphthalmology20031104681 68612689886
- GisladottirSLoftssonTStefanssonEDiffusion characteristics of vitreous humour and saline solution follow the Stokes Einstein equationGraefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol2009247121677 168419639333
- ZucchiattiILattanzioRQuerquesGIntravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with persistent diabetic macular edemaOphthalmologica20122282117 12222310491
- RishiPRishiEKuniyalLMathurGShort-term results of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (OZURDEX(®)) in treatment of recalcitrant diabetic macular edema: a case seriesOman J Ophthalmol20125279 8222993460
- PacellaEVestriARMuscellaRPreliminary results of an intra-vitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) in patients with persistent diabetic macular edemaClin Ophthalmol201371423 142823901252
- ZalewskiDRaczyńskaDRaczyńskaKFive-month observation of persistent diabetic macular edema after intravitreal injection of Ozurdex implantMediators Inflamm2014201436414324659860
- Dutra MedeirosMPostorinoMNavarroRGarcia-ArumíJMateoCCorcósteguiBDexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of patients with persistent diabetic macular edemaOphthalmologica20142313141 14624356099
- SorkinNLoewensteinAHabot-WilnerZGoldsteinMIntravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with persistent macular edema of variable etiologiesOphthalmologica2014232283 9124942067
- LazicRLukicMBorasITreatment of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-resistant diabetic macular edema with dexamethasone intravitreal implantRetina2014344719 72423975006
- ZhiouaISemounOLalloumFSouiedEHIntravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with ranibizumab persistent diabetic macular edemaRetina20153571429 143526102440
- TotanYGülerEGürağaçFBDexamethasone intravitreal implant for chronic diabetic macular edema resistant to intravitreal bevacizumab treatmentCurr Eye Res Epub20151 22
- AlshahraniSTDolz-MarcoRGallego-PinazoRKKESH International Collaborative Retina Study GroupIntravitreal dexametha-sone implant for the treatment of refractory macular edema in retinal vascular diseases: results of the KKESH International Collaborative Retina Study GroupRetina Epub20156 15
- Escobar-BarrancoJJPina-MarínBFernández-BonetMDexamethasone implants in patients with naïve or refractory diffuse diabetic macular edemaOphthalmologica20152333–4176 18525661239
- GuigouSPommierSMeyerFEfficacy and safety of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with diabetic macular edemaOphthalmologica20152333–4169 17525924737
- FaghihiHRoohipoorRMohammadiSFIntravitreal bevaci-zumab versus combined bevacizumab-triamcinolone versus macular laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular edemaEur J Ophthalmol2008186941 94818988166
- SoheilianMRamezaniAObudiARandomized trial of intra-vitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus macular photocoagulation in diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology200911661142 115019376585
- SynekSVeselýPIntravitreal Bevacizumab with or without tri-amcinolone for refractory diabetic macular oedemaColl Antropol2011353841 84522053565
- MareyHMEllakwaAFIntravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone acetonide as the primary treatment for diabetic macular edemaClin Ophthalmol201151011 101621845026
- LimJWLeeHKShinMCComparison of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus triamcinolone in diabetic macular edema: a randomized clinical trialOphthalmologica20122272100 10621997197
- SoheilianMGarfamiKHRamezaniAYaseriMPeymanGATwo-year results of a randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus laser in diabetic macular edemaRetina2012322314 32122234244
- MaturiRKBleauLSaundersJMubasherMStewartMWA 12-month, single-masked, randomized controlled study of eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema after multiple anti-VEGF injections to assess the efficacy of the dexamethasone-delayed delivery system as an adjunct to bevacizumab compared with continued bevacizumab monotherapyRetina20153581604 161425829346
- ScaramuzziMQuerquesGSpinaCLLattanzioRBandelloFRepeated intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) for diabetic macular edemaRetina20153561216 122225574787
- PanozzoGGussonEPanozzoGDalla MuraGDexamethasone intravitreal implant for diabetic macular edema: indications for a PRN regimen of treatmentEur J Ophthalmol2015254347 35125633618
- KiddeeWTropeGEShengLIntraocular pressure monitoring post intravitreal steroids: a systematic reviewSurv Ophthalmol2013584291 31023768920
- Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research NetworkA randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edemaOphthalmology200811591447 144918662829
- MitchellPBresslerNTolleyKRESTORE Study GroupPatient-reported visual function outcomes improve after ranibizumab treatment in patients with vision impairment due to diabetic macular edema: randomized clinical trialJAMA Ophthalmol2013131101339 134723974915
- BresslerNMVarmaRSuñerIJRIDE and RISE Research GroupsVision-related function after ranibizumab treatment for diabetic macular edema: results from RIDE and RISEOphthalmology2014121122461 247225148789
- VirgiliGParravanoMMenchiniFEvansJRAnti-vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedemaCochrane Database Syst Rev201410CD00741925342124
- RussoACostagliolaCDelcassiLTopical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for macular edemaMediators Inflamm2013201347652524227908
- ZhangXZengHBaoSWangNGilliesMCDiabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatmentCell Biosci201442724955234