Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review

References

• Quigley HA. Neuronal death in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res. 1999;18(1):39–57. doi:10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00014-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramulu PY. Glaucoma and reading speed: the Salisbury eye evaluation project. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127(1):82. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2008.523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haymes SA, LeBlanc RP, Nicolela MT, Chiasson LA, Chauhan BC. Glaucoma and on-road driving performance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(7):3035–3041. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-1609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabana N, Pérès VC, Carkeet A, Chew PTK. Motion perception in glaucoma patients: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48(1):92–106. doi:10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00401-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yücel YH, Zhang Q, Gupta N, Kaufman PL, Weinreb RN. Loss of neurons in magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(3):378–384. doi:10.1001/archopht.118.3.378
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry VH, Cowey A. Retinal ganglion cells that project to the superior colliculus and pretectum in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience. 1984;12(4):1125–1137. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90007-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller K, Rafal RD. Saccade latency bias toward temporal hemifield: evidence for role of retinotectal tract in mediating reflexive saccades. Neuropsychologia. 2019;128:276–281. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor M, Danesh-Meyer H, Levin LA, Davagnanam I, De Vita E, Plant GT. Glaucoma and the brain: trans-synaptic degeneration, structural change, and implications for neuroprotection. Surv Ophthalmol. 2018;63(3):296–306. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Ang L-C, LNd T, Bidaisee L, Yücel YH. Human glaucoma and neural degeneration in intracranial optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(6):674–678. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.086769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaci FG, Bolacchi F, Cerulli A, et al. Optic nerve and optic radiation neurodegeneration in patients with glaucoma: in vivo analysis with 3-T Diffusion-Tensor MR Imaging. Radiology. 2009;252(2):496–501. doi:10.1148/radiol.2522081240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yücel YH, Zhang Q, Weinreb RN, Kaufman PL, Gupta N. Effects of retinal ganglion cell loss on magno-, parvo-, koniocellular pathways in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003;22(4):465–481. doi:10.1016/S1350-9462(03)00026-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glovinsky Y, Quigley HA, Dunkelberger GR. Retinal ganglion cell loss is size dependent in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991;32(3):484–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucard CC, Hernowo AT, Maguire RP, et al. Changes in cortical grey matter density associated with long-standing retinal visual field defects. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 7):1898–1906. doi:10.1093/brain/awp119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdahl JP, Allingham RR, Johnson DH. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is decreased in primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(5):763–768. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdahl JP, Fautsch MP, Stinnett SS, Allingham RR. Intracranial pressure in primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, and ocular hypertension: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(12):5412–5418. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren R, Jonas JB, Tian G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma: a prospective study. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(2):259–266. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.06.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdahl JP, Allingham RR. Intracranial pressure and glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21(2):106–111. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833651d8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(147):147ra111–147ra111. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wostyn P, De Groot V, Van Dam D, Audenaert K, Killer HE, De Deyn PP. The glymphatic hypothesis of glaucoma: a unifying concept incorporating vascular, biomechanical, and biochemical aspects of the disease. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5123148–5123148. doi:10.1155/2017/5123148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wostyn P, Van Dam D, Audenaert K, Killer HE, De Deyn PP, De Groot V. A new glaucoma hypothesis: a role of glymphatic system dysfunction. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2015;12:16. doi:10.1186/s12987-015-0012-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong K, Farinelli A, Billson F, Houang M, Stern M. Comparative study of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with low-tension glaucoma and control subjects. Ophthalmology. 1995;102(11):1632–1638. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30816-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroman GA, Stewart WC, Golnik KC, Curé JK, Olinger RE. Magnetic resonance imaging in patients with low-tension glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(2):168–172. doi:10.1001/archopht.1995.01100020050027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogorodzki P, Piątkowska-Janko E, Szaflik J, Szaflik JP, Gacek M, Grieb P. Mapping cortical thickness of the patients with unilateral end-stage open angle glaucoma on planar cerebral cortex maps. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu L, Xie L, Dai C, et al. Progressive thinning of visual cortex in primary open-angle glaucoma of varying severity. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0121960. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zikou AK, Kitsos G, Tzarouchi LC, Astrakas L, Alexiou GA, Argyropoulou MI. Voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging of the optic pathway in primary open-angle glaucoma: a preliminary study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33(1):128–134. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgio A, Zhang J, Costantino F, De Stefano N, Frezzotti P. Diffuse brain damage in normal tension glaucoma. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(1):532–541. doi:10.1002/hbm.23862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanekamp S, Ćurčić-blake B, Caron B, et al. White matter alterations in glaucoma and monocular blindness differ outside the visual system. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):6866. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85602-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisley JW, Goldberg ME. Attention, intention, and priority in the parietal lobe. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2010;33:1–21. doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-152823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly JD, Goodale MA, Goltz HC, Munoz DP. fMRI activation in the human frontal eye field is correlated with saccadic reaction time. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94(1):605–611. doi:10.1152/jn.00830.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman JD, Lowe KA, Zinke W, Woodman GF, Schall JD. Prefrontal Control of Visual Distraction. Curr Biol. 2018;28(3):414–420.e413. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hikosaka O, Takikawa Y, Kawagoe R. Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(3):953–978. doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzfeld DJ, Kojima Y, Soetedjo R, Shadmehr R. Encoding of action by the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Nature. 2015;526(7573):439–442. doi:10.1038/nature15693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catz N, Dicke Peter W, Thier P. Cerebellar-dependent motor learning is based on pruning a Purkinje cell population response. Proce National Acad Sci. 2008;105(20):7309–7314. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706032105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf C, Lappe M. Top-down control of saccades requires inhibition of suddenly appearing stimuli. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2020;82(8):3863–3877. doi:10.3758/s13414-020-02101-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakkar KN, Heiligenberg FMZ, Neggers R. Speed of saccade execution and inhibition associated with fractional anisotropy in distinct fronto‐frontal and fronto‐striatal white matter pathways. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(8):2811–2822. doi:10.1002/hbm.23209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simó L, Krisky C, Sweeney J. Functional neuroanatomy of anticipatory behavior: dissociation between sensory-driven and memory-driven systems. Cerebral Cortex. 2005;15:1982–1991. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney JA, Luna B, Keedy SK, McDowell JE, Clementz BA. fMRI studies of eye movement control: investigating the interaction of cognitive and sensorimotor brain systems. NeuroImage. 2007;36:T54–T60. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig CJ, Gilchrist ID. Stimulus-driven and goal-driven control over visual selection. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2002;28(4):902–912. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.28.4.902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyffeler T, Hubl D, Wurtz P, Wiest R, Hess CW, Müri RM. Spontaneous recovery of visually-triggered saccades after focal lesions of the frontal and parietal eye fields: a combined longitudinal oculomotor and fMRI study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;122(6):1203–1210. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf C, Lappe M. Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements. Cogn Neurodyn. 2021;15(4):547–568. doi:10.1007/s11571-020-09661-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snegireva N, Derman W, Patricios J, Welman KE. Eye tracking technology in sports-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Meas. 2018;39(12):12TR01. doi:10.1088/1361-6579/aaef44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Stigchel S, Bethlehem RAI, Klein BP, Berendschot TTJM, Nijboer T, Dumoulin SO. Macular degeneration affects eye movement behavior during visual search. Front Psychol. 2013;4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad S, Galetta SL. Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2010;28(3):641–655. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2010.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong A. Neuro-ophthalmology. neuronal control of eye movements. J Neuro Ophthalmol. 2008;28(4):76–89. doi:10.1097/01.wno.0000342371.46043.b8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford TJ, Higham S, Renvoize T, et al. Inhibitory control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(9):1052–1060. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nij Bijvank JA, Petzold A, Coric D, et al. Saccadic delay in multiple sclerosis: a quantitative description. Vision Res. 2020;168:33–41. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2020.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell JE, Dyckman KA, Austin BP, Clementz BA. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades: evidence from studies of humans. Brain Cogn. 2008;68(3):255–270. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks DL. The brainstem control of saccadic eye movements. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3(12):952–964. doi:10.1038/nrn986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raybourn MS, Keller EL. Colliculoreticular organization in primate oculomotor system. J Neurophysiol. 1977;40(4):861–878. doi:10.1152/jn.1977.40.4.861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyashita N, Hikosaka O. Minimal synaptic delay in the saccadic output pathway of the superior colliculus studied in awake monkey. Exp Brain Res. 1996;112(2):187–196. doi:10.1007/BF00227637
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders M, Warrington E, Marshall J, Wieskrantz L. Blindsight”: vision in a field defect. Lancet. 1974;303(7860):707–708. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92907-9
   Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz L, Warrington E, Sanders M, Marshall J. Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain. 1974;97(1):709–728. doi:10.1093/brain/97.1.709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPeek RM, Keller EL. Deficits in saccade target selection after inactivation of superior colliculus. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(7):757–763. doi:10.1038/nn1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppel E, Held R, Frost D. Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man. Nature. 1973;243(5405):2295–2296. doi:10.1038/243295a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato R, Takaura K, Ikeda T, Yoshida M, Isa T. Contribution of the retino‐tectal pathway to visually guided saccades after lesion of the primary visual cortex in monkeys. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;33(11):1952–1960. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07729.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowey A, Stoerig P. Projection patterns of surviving neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following discrete lesions of striate cortex: implications for residual vision. Exp Brain Res. 1989;75(3):631–638. doi:10.1007/BF00249914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyon DC, Nassi JJ, Callaway EM. A disynaptic relay from superior colliculus to dorsal stream visual cortex in macaque monkey. Neuron. 2010;65(2):270–279. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman RA, Wurtz RH. Functional identification of a pulvinar path from superior colliculus to cortical area MT. J Neurosci. 2010;30(18):6342–6354. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6176-09.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sincich LC, Park KF, Wohlgemuth MJ, Horton JC. Bypassing V1: a direct geniculate input to area MT. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(10):1123–1128. doi:10.1038/nn1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepniewska I, Qi HX, Kaas JH. Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar project to MT in primates? Eur J Neurosci. 1999;11(2):469–480. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00461.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay JM, Walker R. A model of saccade generation based on parallel processing and competitive inhibition. Behav Brain Sci. 1999;22(4):661–674. doi:10.1017/S0140525X99002150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanjee R, Yücel YH, Steinbach MJ, González EG, Gupta N. Delayed saccadic eye movements in glaucoma. Eye Brain. 2012;4:63–68. doi:10.2147/EB.S38467
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballae Ganeshrao S, Jaleel A, Madicharla S, et al. Comparison of saccadic eye movements among the high tension glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, and normal tension glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2020;2:548.
   Google Scholar
• Lamirel C, Milea D, Cochereau I, Duong M-H, Lorenceau J. Impaired Saccadic eye movement in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2014;23(1):23–32. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e31825c10dc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumdar D, Pel JM, Panday M, et al. Comparison of saccadic reaction time between normal and glaucoma using an eye movement perimeter. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2014;62(1):55. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.126182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar RP, Sharma S, Drouet M, et al. Disrupted Eye movements in preperimetric primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2017;58(4):2430. doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatham AJ, Murray IC, McTrusty AD, et al. Speed and accuracy of saccades in patients with glaucoma evaluated using an eye tracking perimeter. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):259. doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01528-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalesnykas RP, Hallett PE. Retinal eccentricity and the latency of eye saccades. Vision Res. 1994;34(4):517–531. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90165-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeless LL, Cohen GH, Boynton RM. Luminance as a parameter of the eye-movement control system. JOSA. 1967;57(3):394–400. doi:10.1364/JOSA.57.000394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumdar D, Meethal NSK, Panday M, et al. Effect of age, sex, stimulus intensity, and eccentricity on saccadic reaction time in eye movement perimetry. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019;8(4):13–13. doi:10.1167/tvst.8.4.13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams C, Azzopardi P, Cowey A. Nasal and temporal retinal ganglion cells projecting to the midbrain: implications for “blindsight”. Neuroscience. 1995;65(2):577–586. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)00489-R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving EL, Steinbach MJ, Lillakas L, Babu RJ, Hutchings N. Horizontal saccade dynamics across the human life span. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(6):2478–2484. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schik G, Mohr S, Hofferberth B. Effect of aging on saccadic eye movements to visual and auditory targets. Int Tinnitus J. 2000;6(2):154–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warren DE, Thurtell MJ, Carroll JN, Wall M. Perimetric evaluation of saccadic latency, saccadic accuracy, and visual threshold for peripheral visual stimuli in young compared with older adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(8):5778–5787. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thepass G, Lemig H, Vermeer K, Van der Steen J, Pel J. Slowed saccadic reaction times in seemingly normal parts of glaucomatous visual fields. Front Med. 2021;8:679297. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.679297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condy C, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Ostendorf F, Ploner CJ, Gaymard B. Neural substrate of antisaccades: role of subcortical structures. Neurology. 2004;63(9):1571–1578. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000142990.44979.5A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe BC, Munoz DP. Mechanisms of saccade suppression revealed in the anti-saccade task. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2017;372(1718):20160192. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardanbegi D, Kurauchi ATN, Morimoto CH. An investigation of the distribution of gaze estimation errors in head mounted gaze trackers using polynomial functions. J Eye Mov Res. 2018;11(3). doi:10.16910/jemr.11.3.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer B, Weber H. Express saccades and visual attention. Behav Brain Sci. 1993;16(3):553–567. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00031575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haushofer J, Schiller PH, Kendall G, Slocum WM, Tolias AS. Express saccades: the conditions under which they are realized and the brain structures involved. J Vis. 2002;2(7):174–174. doi:10.1167/2.7.174
   Google Scholar
• Nyström M, Holmqvist K. An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data. Behav Res Methods. 2010;42(1):188–204. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauzlis RJ, Goffart L, Hafed ZM. Neuronal control of fixation and fixational eye movements. Philosophical Transactions Royal Soc B. 2017;372(1718):20160205. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabb DP, Smith ND, Rauscher FG, et al. Exploring eye movements in patients with glaucoma when viewing a driving scene. PLoS One. 2010;5(3):e9710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SS-Y, Black AA, Wood JM. Eye movements of drivers with glaucoma on a visual recognition slide test. Optometry Vision Sci. 2019;96(7):484–491. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong AMY, Geruschat DR, Congdon N. Traffic gap judgment in people with significant peripheral field loss. Optometry Vision Sci. 2008;85(1):26–36. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31815ed6fd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel K, Zabel P, Suwala K, et al. Alterations in fixation indices in primary open-angle glaucoma by microperimetry. J Clin Med. 2022;11(9):2368. doi:10.3390/jcm11092368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møllenbach E, Hansen JP, Lillholm M. Eye movements in gaze interaction. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2013;16.
   Google Scholar
• Subramanian V, Jost RM, Birch EE, Quantitative A. Study of fixation stability in amblyopia. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2013;54(3):1998. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-11054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nij Bijvank JA, Petzold A, Coric D, et al. Quantification of visual fixation in multiple sclerosis. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2019;60(5):1372. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-26096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart S, Parrington L, Martini D, Peterka R, Chesnutt J, King L. The measurement of eye movements in mild traumatic brain injury: a structured review of an emerging area. Front Sports Active Living. 2020;2:5. doi:10.3389/fspor.2020.00005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarita-Nistor L, Brent MH, Steinbach MJ, González EG. Fixation stability during binocular viewing in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2011;52(3):1887. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfaw DS, Jones PR, Mönter VM, Smith ND, Crabb DP. Does Glaucoma alter eye movements when viewing images of natural scenes? A between-eye study. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2018;59(8):3189. doi:10.1167/iovs.18-23779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SS-Y, Black AA, Wood JM. Effect of glaucoma on eye movement patterns and laboratory-based hazard detection ability. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178876. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ND, Crabb DP, Glen FC, Burton R, Garway-heath david F. Eye movements in patients with glaucoma when viewing images of everyday scenes. Seeing Perceiving. 2012;25(5):471–492. doi:10.1163/187847612X634454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiecek E, Pasquale LR, Fiser J, Dakin S, Bex PJ. Effects of peripheral visual field loss on eye movements during visual search. Front Psychol. 2012;3. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kübler TC, Kasneci E, Rosenstiel W, et al. Driving with glaucoma: task performance and gaze movements. Optometry Vision Sci. 2015;92(11):1037–1046. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado Vega R, Leeuwen PM, Rendón Vélez E, Lemij HG, Winter JCF. Obstacle avoidance, visual detection performance, and eye-scanning behavior of glaucoma patients in a driving simulator: a preliminary study. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77294. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longhin E, Convento E, Pilotto E, et al. Static and dynamic retinal fixation stability in microperimetry. Can J Ophthalmol. 2013;48(5):375–380. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.05.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesano G, Crabb DP, Jones PR, Fogagnolo P, Digiuni M, Rossetti LM. Evidence for alterations in fixational eye movements in glaucoma. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(1):191. doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0870-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Liu M, Wang X, Zhang C, Huang P. Fixation behavior in primary open angle glaucoma at early and moderate stage assessed by the microPerimeter MP-1:. J Glaucoma. 2013;22(2):169–173. doi:10.1097/IJG.0b013e3182311dce
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata N, Miyamoto D, Togano T, Fukuchi T. Evaluating silent reading performance with an eye tracking system in patients with glaucoma. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170230. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossland MD, Sims M, Galbraith RF, Rubin GS. Evaluation of a new quantitative technique to assess the number and extent of preferred retinal loci in macular disease. Vision Res. 2004;44(13):1537–1546. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii GY, De Juan E, Humayun MS, Sunness JS, Chang TS, Rossi JV. Characteristics of visual loss by scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry in eyes with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;136(6):1067–1078. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00663-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amore FM, Fasciani R, Silvestri V, et al. Relationship between fixation stability measured with MP-1 and reading performance. Ophthalmic Phys Optics. 2013;33(5):611–617. doi:10.1111/opo.12048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kameda T, Tanabe T, Hangai M, Ojima T, Aikawa H, Yoshimura N. Fixation behavior in advanced stage glaucoma assessed by the MicroPerimeter MP-1. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2009;53(6):580–587. doi:10.1007/s10384-009-0735-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Martín A, Pérez-Cambrodí RJ, Piñero DP. Current clinical application of microperimetry: a review. Semin Ophthalmol. 2018;33(5):620–628. doi:10.1080/08820538.2017.1375125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nij Bijvank JA, Petzold A, Balk LJ, et al. A standardized protocol for quantification of saccadic eye movements: dEMoNS. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynis I, De moraes CG, Raza AS, Liebmann JM, Ritch R, Hood DC. Prevalence and Nature of Early Glaucomatous Defects in the Central 10° of the Visual Field. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(3):291–297. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calen Walshe R, Nuthmann A. Asymmetrical control of fixation durations in scene viewing. Vision Res. 2014;100:38–46. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner K, Castelhano MS. Eye Movements During Reading, Scene Perception, Visual Search, and While Looking at Print Advertisements. Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Buttner U, Kremmyda O. Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements and Optokinetic Nystagmus. Munich: Karger; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Ruehl RM, Hinkel C, Bauermann T, Eulenburg P. Delineating function and connectivity of optokinetic hubs in the cerebellum and the brainstem. Brain Struct Funct. 2017;222(9):4163–4185. doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1461-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt S. Abnormalities of optokinetic nystagmus in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(10):1386–1394. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.027367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poblano A, Ishiwara K, Ortega P, Mora L, Pineda G, Arriaga E. Thinner abuse alters optokinetic nystagmus parameters. Arch Med Res. 2000;31(2):182–185. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00047-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipper S. Impairment of Optokinetic nystagmus in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28(3):331. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1973.01750330031005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valmaggia C, Rütsche A, Baumann A, et al. Age related change of optokinetic nystagmus in healthy subjects: a study from infancy to senescence. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(12):1577. doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.044222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clément G, Lathan CE. Effects of static tilt about the roll axis on horizontal and vertical optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus in humans. Exp Brain Res. 1991;84(2):335–341. doi:10.1007/BF00231454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp C, Proudlock F, Gottlob I. OKN asymmetry in human subjects: a literature review. Strabismus. 2013;21:37–49. doi:10.3109/09273972.2012.762532
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Severt W, Maddess T, Ibbotson M. Employing following eye movements to discriminate normal from glaucoma subjects. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2000;28(3):172–174. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9071.2000.00295.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doustkouhi SM, Turnbull PRK, Dakin SC. The effect of simulated visual field loss on optokinetic nystagmus. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2020;9(3):25. doi:10.1167/tvst.9.3.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin YJ, Park KH, Hwang J-M, Wee WR, Lee JH, Lee IB. Objective measurement of visual acuity by optokinetic response determination in patients with ocular diseases. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;141(2):327–332. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.09.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong J, Wang J, Sun F. Dual-directional optokinetic nystagmus elicited by the intermittent display of gratings in primary open-angle glaucoma and normal eyes. Curr Eye Res. 2002;25(6):355–362. doi:10.1076/ceyr.25.6.355.14236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe H, Hasegawa S, Takagi M, Yoshizawa T, Usui T. Contrast sensitivity for the stationary and drifting vertical stripe patterns in patients with optic nerve disorders. Ophthalmologica. 1993;207(2):100–105. doi:10.1159/000310413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracitelli C, Abe R, Diniz-Filho A, Vaz-de-lima F, Paranhos A, Medeiros F. Ophthalmology Issues in Schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:569. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0569-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klistorner AI, Graham SL. Early magnocellular loss in glaucoma demonstrated using the pseudorandomly stimulated flash visual evoked potential. J Glaucoma. 1999;8(2):140–148. doi:10.1097/00061198-199904000-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley HA, Dunkelberger GR, Green WR. Chronic human glaucoma causing selectively greater loss of large optic nerve fibers. Ophthalmology. 1988;95(3):357–363. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(88)33176-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber AJ, Harman CD. Structure-function relations of parasol cells in the normal and glaucomatous primate retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(9):3197–3207. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari EA, Morgan JE, Snowden RJ. Psychophysical characterisation of early functional loss in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(10):1131–1135. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.10.1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maunsell JH, Nealey TA, DePriest DD. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to responses in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey. J Neurosci. 1990;10(10):3323. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-10-03323.1990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr DC, Morrone MC, Ross J. Selective suppression of the magnocellular visual pathway during saccadic eye movements. Nature. 1994;371(6497):511–513. doi:10.1038/371511a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton R, Crabb DP, Smith ND, Glen FC, Garway-Heath DF. Glaucoma and Reading: exploring the Effects of Contrast Lowering of Text. Optometry Vision Sci. 2012;89(9):1282–1287. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182686165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton R, Smith ND, Crabb DP. Eye movements and reading in glaucoma: observations on patients with advanced visual field loss. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252(10):1621–1630. doi:10.1007/s00417-014-2752-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerulli A, Cesareo M, Ciuffoletti E, et al. Evaluation of eye movements pattern during reading process in patients with glaucoma: a microperimeter study. Invest Opthalmol Visual Sci. 2013;6.
   Google Scholar
• Ishii M, Seki M, Harigai R, Abe H, Fukuchi T. Reading performance in patients with glaucoma evaluated using the MNREAD charts. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2013;57(5):471–474. doi:10.1007/s10384-013-0259-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ND, Glen FC, Mönter VM, Crabb DP. Using eye tracking to assess reading performance in patients with glaucoma: a within-person study. J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:1–10. doi:10.1155/2014/120528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasneci E, Sippel K, Aehling K, et al. Driving with binocular visual field loss? A study on a supervised on-road parcours with simultaneous eye and head tracking. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87470. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SS-Y, Black AA, Wood JM. Scanning behavior and daytime driving performance of older adults with glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2018;27(6):558–565. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Almeida Nistal I, Lampreave Acebes P, Martínez-de-la-casa JM, Sánchez-González P. Validation of virtual reality system based on eye-tracking technologies to support clinical assessment of glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2020;1:112067212097604.
   Google Scholar
• Wood JM, Black AA, Mallon K, Thomas R, Owsley C. Glaucoma and driving: on-road driving characteristics. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158318. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sippel K. Smooth pursuit eye movements and optokinetic nystagmus. In: Straube A, Büttner U, editors. Neuro-ophthalmology: Neuronal Control of Eye Moments. Basel [Switzerland]; New York: Karger. 2007:76–89.
   Google Scholar
• Crabb DP, Smith ND, Glen FC, Burton R, Garway-Heath DF. How Does Glaucoma Look? Ophthalmology. 2013;120(6):1120–1126. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson P, Aspinall P, O’Brien C. Patients’ perception of visual impairment in glaucoma: a pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1999;83(5):546–552. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.5.546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altangerel U, Spaeth GL, Steinmann WC. Assessment of function related to vision (AFREV). Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006;13(1):67–80. doi:10.1080/09286580500428500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A-H, Jufri S, Congdon N. The impact of glaucomatous visual field defects on speed and eye movements during reading. Siriraj Med J. 2021;73(1):17–25. doi:10.33192/Smj.2021.03
   Google Scholar
• Burton R, Saunders LJ, Crabb DP. Areas of the visual field important during reading in patients with glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2015;59(2):94–102. doi:10.1007/s10384-014-0359-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murata H, Hirasawa H, Aoyama Y, et al. Identifying areas of the visual field important for quality of life in patients with glaucoma. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58695. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J. The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia. 2001;7(1):12–36. doi:10.1002/dys.186
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein J, Talcott J. Impaired neuronal timing in developmental dyslexia—the magnocellular hypothesis. Dyslexia. 1999;5(2):59–77. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0909(199906)5:2<59::AID-DYS134>3.0.CO;2-F
   Google Scholar
• Smith ND, Glen FC, Crabb DP. Eye movements during visual search in patients with glaucoma. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012;12(1):45. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-12-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glen FC, Smith ND, Crabb DP. Saccadic eye movements and face recognition performance in patients with central glaucomatous visual field defects. Vision Res. 2013;82:42–51. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabb DP, Smith ND, Zhu H. What’s on TV? Detecting age-related neurodegenerative eye disease using eye movement scanpaths. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetzel SJ. Unsupervised learning of phase transitions: from principal component analysis to variational autoencoders. Physical Review E. 2017;96(2):022140. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.96.022140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soans RS, Grillini A, Saxena R, Renken RJ, Gandhi TK, Cornelissen FW. Eye-movement-based assessment of the perceptual consequences of glaucomatous and neuro-ophthalmological visual field defects. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2021;10(2):1. doi:10.1167/tvst.10.2.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black AA, Wood JM, Lovie-Kitchin JE. Inferior field loss increases rate of falls in older adults with glaucoma. Optometry Vision Sci. 2011;88(11):1275–1282. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31822f4d6a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman DS, Freeman E, Munoz B, Jampel HD, West SK. Glaucoma and mobility performance: the salisbury eye evaluation project. Ophthalmology. 2007;114(12):2232–2237.e2231. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haymes SA, LeBlanc RP, Nicolela MT, Chiasson LA, Chauhan BC. Risk of falls and motor vehicle collisions in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(3):1149–1155. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamoreux EL, Chong E, Wang JJ, et al. Visual impairment, causes of vision loss, and falls: the Singapore Malay eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(2):528–533. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-1036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turano KA, Rubin GS, Quigley HA. Mobility Performance in Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(12):2803–2809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabana N, Cornilleau-Pérès V, Droulez J, Goh JC, Lee GS, Chew PT. Postural stability in primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2005;33(3):264–273. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2005.01003.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black AA, Wood JM, Lovie-Kitchin JE, Newman BM. Visual impairment and postural sway among older adults with glaucoma. Optom Vis Sci. 2008;85(6):489–497. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31817882db
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajoie K, Miller AB, Strath RA, Neima DR, Marigold DS. Glaucoma-related differences in gaze behavior when negotiating obstacles. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2018;7(4):10. doi:10.1167/tvst.7.4.10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sippel K, Kasneci E, Aehling K, et al. Binocular glaucomatous visual field loss and its impact on visual exploration - a supermarket study. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e106089. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geruschat DR, Hassan SE, Turano KA, Quigley HA, Congdon NG. Gaze behavior of the visually impaired during street crossing. Optometry Vision Sci. 2006;83(8):550–558. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000232219.23362.a6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dive S, Rouland JF, Lenoble Q, Szaffarczyk S, McKendrick AM, Boucart M. Impact of peripheral field loss on the execution of natural actions: a study with glaucomatous patients and normally sighted people. J Glaucoma. 2016;25(10):e889–e896. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh YW, Ang GS, Azuara‐Blanco A. Lifetime visual prognosis of patients with glaucoma. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2011;39(8):766–770. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02559.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders LJ, Russell RA, Crabb DP. Practical landmarks for visual field disability in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2012;96(9):1185. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson R, Nystrom M, Holmqvist K. Sampling frequency and eye-tracking measures: how speed affects durations, latencies, and more. J Eye Mov Res. 2010;3(3):1–12. doi:10.16910/jemr.3.3.6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmqvist K, Andersson R. Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods, Paradigms, and Measures. 2nd ed. Lund, Sweden: Lund Eye-Tracking Research Institute: Lund Eye-Tracking Research Institute (LETRI) AB; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Chris W, David CB Analysis of eye-tracking experiments performed on a Tobii T60. Paper presented at: Proc.SPIE; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hooge ITC, Holleman GA, Haukes NC, Hessels RS. Gaze tracking accuracy in humans: one eye is sometimes better than two. Behav Res Methods. 2019;51(6):2712–2721. doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1135-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumdar D, Meethal NSK, George R, Pel JJM. Saccadic reaction time in mirror image sectors across horizontal Meridian in eye movement perimetry. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2630. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81762-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester R, Josephs O, Driver J, Rees G. Visual fMRI responses in human superior colliculus show a temporal–nasal asymmetry that is absent in lateral geniculate and visual cortex. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97(2):1495–1502. doi:10.1152/jn.00835.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waitzman DM, Ma TP, Optican LM, Wurtz RH. Superior colliculus neurons mediate the dynamic characteristics of saccades. J Neurophysiol. 1991;66(5):1716–1737. doi:10.1152/jn.1991.66.5.1716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalianchuk I, Jagadisan UK, Gandhi NJ. Instantaneous midbrain control of saccade velocity. J Neurosci. 2018;38(47):10156. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0962-18.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeron A, Guitton D. The superior colliculus and its control of fixation behavior via projections to brainstem omnipause neurons. Prog Brain Res. 2001;134:97–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Zhao Y, Liu M, et al. Progressive degeneration of retinal and superior collicular functions in mice with sustained ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(3):1971–1984. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Wang H, Lu Q, et al. Detection of early neuron degeneration and accompanying glial responses in the visual pathway in a rat model of acute intraocular hypertension. Brain Res. 2009;1303:131–143. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King WM, Sarup V, Sauvé Y, Moreland CM, Carpenter DO, Sharma SC. Expansion of visual receptive fields in experimental glaucoma. Vis Neurosci. 2006;23(1):137–142. doi:10.1017/S0952523806231122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crish SD, Sappington RM, Inman DM, Horner PJ, Calkins DJ. Distal axonopathy with structural persistence in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Proce National Acad Sci. 2010;107(11):5196–5201. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913141107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Conde S, Macknik SL, Hubel DH. The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5(3):229–240. doi:10.1038/nrn1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar