Detecting Abnormal Eye Movements in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases – Current Insights

References

• Anderson TJ, MacAskill MR. Eye movements in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(2):74–85. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybyszewski AW, Śledzianowski A, Chudzik A, Szlufik S, Koziorowski D. Machine learning and eye movements give insights into neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Sensors. 2023;23(4):2145. doi:10.3390/s23042145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birawo B, Kasprowski P. Review and evaluation of eye movement event detection algorithms. Sensors. 2022;22(22):8810. doi:10.3390/s22228810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. Oxford University Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Terao Y, Fukuda H, Hikosaka O. What do eye movements tell us about patients with neurological disorders? An introduction to saccade recording in the clinical setting. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2017;93(10):772–801. doi:10.2183/pjab.93.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calikusu FZ, Akkus S, Kochan Kizilkilic E, et al. Atypical findings: atypical parkinsonian syndromes or Atypical parkinsonian syndromes look-alikes. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2023;233:107975. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving EL, Steinbach MJ, Lillakas L, Babu RJ, Hutchings N. Horizontal saccade dynamics across the human life span. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(6):2478–2484. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays LE. Neural control of vergence eye movements: convergence and divergence neurons in midbrain. J Neurophysiol. 1984;51(5):1091–1108. doi:10.1152/jn.1984.51.5.1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavrich JB. Convergence insufficiency and its current treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21(5):356–360. doi:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833cf03a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abadi RV, Gowen E. Characteristics of saccadic intrusions. Vision Res. 2004;44(23):2675–2690. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos J, Eggenberger E. Saccadic intrusions: review and update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26(1):59–66. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32835c5e1d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herishanu YO, Sharpe JA. Normal square wave jerks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981;20(2):268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassavetis P, Kaski D, Anderson T, Hallett M. Eye movement disorders in movement disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022;9(3):284–295. doi:10.1002/mdc3.13413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemesh AA, Zee DS. Eye movement disorders and the cerebellum. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;36(6):405–414. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahidi AA, Woodhouse JM, Erichsen JT, Dunn MJ. Infantile nystagmus: an optometrist’s perspective. Clin Optom. 2017;9:123–131. doi:10.2147/OPTO.S126214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraa-Tam C. Functional MRI Studies into the Neuroanatomical Basis of the Eye Movements [ Ph.D. thesis]. Erasmus MC: University Medical Center Rotterdam; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe J, Wong AM. Anatomy and physiology of ocular motor systems. Walsh Hoyt’s Clin Neuro Ophthalmol. 2005;16:809–885.
   Google Scholar
• Szmulewicz DJ, Waterston JA, MacDougall HG, et al. Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS): a review of the clinical features and video-oculographic diagnosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1233(1):139–147. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06158.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Söderberg PG, Tengroth B. Influence of target direction, luminance and velocity on monocular horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. Acta Ophthalmol. 1993;71(5):578–585. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1993.tb04645.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng M, Outerbridge JS. Optokinetic nystagmus during selective retinal stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 1975;23(2):129–139. doi:10.1007/BF00235455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade NJ, Tatler BW, Heller D. Dodge-ing the issue: dodge, Javal, Hering, and the measurement of saccades in eye-movement research. Perception. 2003;32(7):793–804. doi:10.1068/p3470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements. Oxford University Press; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Friedrich MU, Schneider E, Buerklein M, et al. Smartphone video nystagmography using convolutional neural networks: conVNG. J Neurol. 2023;270(5):2518–2530. doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11493-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turuwhenua J, Yu TY, Mazharullah Z, Thompson B. A method for detecting optokinetic nystagmus based on the optic flow of the limbus. Vision Res. 2014;103:75–82. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.07.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleshkov M, Zaitsev V, Starkov D, Demkin V, Kingma H, van de Berg R. Comparison of EOG and VOG obtained eye movements during horizontal head impulse testing. Front Neurol. 2022;13:917413. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.917413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creel DJ. The electrooculogram. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;160:495–499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggert T. Eye movement recordings: methods. Dev Ophthalmol. 2007;40:15–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson DA. A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1963;10:137–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman JL, Phillips JS, Cox SJ. Reconstructing animated eye movements from electrooculography data to aid the diagnosis of vestibular disorders. Int J Audiol. 2022;61(1):78–83. doi:10.1080/14992027.2021.1883196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie J, Ramsden B, McArthur C, Maruff P. Validation of a clinical antisaccadic eye movement test in the assessment of dementia. Arch Neurol. 1991;48(6):644–648. doi:10.1001/archneur.1991.00530180102024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford TJ, Higham S, Renvoize T, et al. Inhibitory control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(9):1052–1060. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuer HW, Mirsky JB, Kong EL, et al. Antisaccade task reflects cortical involvement in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2013;81(14):1235–1243. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a6cbfe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitor RJ, Ko PC, Ally BA. Eye movements in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;44(1):1–12. doi:10.3233/JAD-141173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher WA, Sharpe JA. Saccadic eye movement dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1986;20(4):464–471. doi:10.1002/ana.410200405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costanzo E, Lengyel I, Parravano M, et al. Ocular biomarkers for Alzheimer disease dementia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2023;141(1):84–91. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.4845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosimann UP, Felblinger J, Ballinari P, Hess CW, Müri RM. Visual exploration behaviour during clock reading in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 2):431–438. doi:10.1093/brain/awh051
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parra MA, Della Sala S, Logie RH, Morcom AM. Neural correlates of shape-color binding in visual working memory. Neuropsychologia. 2014;52:27–36. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden JG, Cosnard A, Laurens B, et al. Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease demonstrates increased errors at a simple and automated anti-saccade task. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;65(4):1209–1223. doi:10.3233/JAD-180082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutch SJ, Lehmann M, Schott JM, Rabinovici GD, Rossor MN, Fox NC. Posterior cortical atrophy. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(2):170–178. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70289-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakespeare TJ, Kaski D, Yong KX, et al. Abnormalities of fixation, saccade and pursuit in posterior cortical atrophy. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 7):1976–1991. doi:10.1093/brain/awv103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones A, Friedland RP, Koss B, Stark L, Thompkins-Ober BA. Saccadic intrusions in Alzheimer-type dementia. J Neurol. 1983;229(3):189–194. doi:10.1007/BF00313742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schewe HJ, Uebelhack R, Vohs K. Abnormality in saccadic eye movement in dementia. Eur Psychiatry. 1999;14(1):52–53. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(99)80716-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pin G, Trompette C, Ceccaldi M, Felician O, Koric L. Interest of eye movement study in early diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy: a case-report. Rev Neurol. 2023;179(3):246–248. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2022.10.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terao Y, Fukuda H, Tokushige SI, Inomata-Terada S, Hamada M, Ugawa Y. Saccades abnormalities in posterior cortical atrophy - A case report. Clin Neurophysiol. 2017;128(2):349–350. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2016.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josephs KA. Frontotemporal dementia and related disorders: deciphering the enigma. Ann Neurol. 2008;64(1):4–14. doi:10.1002/ana.21426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer AL, Garbutt S, Rankin KP, et al. Medial versus lateral frontal lobe contributions to voluntary saccade control as revealed by the study of patients with frontal lobe degeneration. J Neurosci. 2006;26(23):6354–6363. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0549-06.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt S, Matlin A, Hellmuth J, et al. Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2008;131(Pt 5):1268–1281. doi:10.1093/brain/awn047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyniel C, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Damier P, Gaymard B. Saccade impairments in patients with fronto-temporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(11):1581–1584. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.060392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrell JR, Hornberger M, Carpenter RH, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR. Saccadic abnormalities in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2012;78(23):1816–1823. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f75c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass A, Walterfang M, Velakoulis D, Abel L, Savage S. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia performance on a range of saccadic tasks. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;65(1):231–242. doi:10.3233/JAD-170797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell LL, Greaves CV, Convery RS, et al. Eye movements in frontotemporal dementia: abnormalities of fixation, saccades and anti-saccades. Alzheimers Dement. 2021;7(1):e12218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters F, Perani D, Herholz K, et al. Orbitofrontal dysfunction related to both apathy and disinhibition in frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cognit Disord. 2006;21(5–6):373–379. doi:10.1159/000091898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornberger M, Geng J, Hodges JR. Convergent grey and white matter evidence of orbitofrontal cortex changes related to disinhibition in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):2502–2512. doi:10.1093/brain/awr173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primativo S, Clark C, Yong KXX, et al. Eyetracking metrics reveal impaired spatial anticipation in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Neuropsychologia. 2017;106:328–340. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terao Y, Fukuda H, Yugeta A, et al. Initiation and inhibitory control of saccades with the progression of Parkinson’s disease - changes in three major drives converging on the superior colliculus. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(7):1794–1806. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers JM, Prescott TJ. Response times for visually guided saccades in persons with Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(4):887–899. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou MX, Wang Q, Lin Y, et al. Oculomotor impairments in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:985679. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.985679
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antoniades CA, Demeyere N, Kennard C, Humphreys GW, Hu MT. Antisaccades and executive dysfunction in early drug-naive Parkinson’s disease: the discovery study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(6):843–847. doi:10.1002/mds.26134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanuška J, Rusz J, Bezdicek O, et al. Eye movements in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: high antisaccade error rate reflects prefrontal cortex dysfunction. J Sleep Res. 2019;28(5):e12742. doi:10.1111/jsr.12742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai K, Kaneko Y, Suzuki M, et al. Multimodal visual exploration disturbances in Parkinson’s disease detected with an infrared eye-movement assessment system. Neurosci Res. 2020;160:50–56. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2019.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranchet M, Orlosky J, Morgan J, Qadir S, Akinwuntan AE, Devos H. Pupillary response to cognitive workload during saccadic tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res. 2017;327:162–166. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koohi N, Bancroft MJ, Patel J, et al. Saccadic Bradykinesia in Parkinson’s disease: preliminary observations. Mov Disord. 2021;36(7):1729–1731. doi:10.1002/mds.28609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson’s Disease. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): status and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2003;18(7):738–750. doi:10.1002/mds.10473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallea C, Wicki B, Ewenczyk C, et al. Antisaccade, a predictive marker for freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease and gait/gaze network connectivity. Brain. 2021;144(2):504–514. doi:10.1093/brain/awaa407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Yan A, Liu B, et al. Oculomotor performances are associated with motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2018;9:960. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkhardt EH, Kassubek J, Süssmuth S, Ludolph AC, Becker W, Jürgens R. Comparison of smooth pursuit eye movement deficits in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2009;256(9):1438–1446. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5131-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CC, Cao B, Dali V, et al. Eye movement control during visual pursuit in Parkinson’s disease. PeerJ. 2018;6:e5442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corin MS, Elizan TS, Bender MB. Oculomotor function in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 1972;15(3):251–265. doi:10.1016/0022-510X(72)90068-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs GG. Invited review: neuropathology of tauopathies: principles and practice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2015;41(1):3–23. doi:10.1111/nan.12208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höglinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):853–864. doi:10.1002/mds.26987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn N. The ”round the houses” sign in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol. 1996;40(6):951. doi:10.1002/ana.410400630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon C, Field R, Donlon E, et al. The ”round the houses” sign and ”zig-zag” sign in progressive supranuclear palsy and other conditions. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;81:94–95. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostou E, Karavasilis E, Potiri I, et al. A cortical substrate for Square-Wave Jerks in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Clin Neurol. 2020;16(1):37–45. doi:10.3988/jcn.2020.16.1.37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker W, Behler A, Vintonyak O, Kassubek J. Patterns of small involuntary fixation saccades (SIFSs) in different neurodegenerative diseases: the role of noise. Exp Brain Res. 2023;241(7):1821–1833. doi:10.1007/s00221-023-06633-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troost BT, Daroff RB. The ocular motor defects in progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann Neurol. 1977;2(5):397–403. doi:10.1002/ana.410020509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terao Y, Tokushige SI, Inomata-Terada S, Fukuda H, Yugeta A, Ugawa Y. Deciphering the saccade velocity profile of progressive supranuclear palsy: a sign of latent cerebellar/brainstem dysfunction? Clin Neurophysiol. 2022;141:147–159. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2020.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemos J, Pereira D, Almendra L, et al. Cortical control of vertical and horizontal saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy: an exploratory fMRI study. J Neurol Sci. 2017;373:157–166. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Lee D, Yang X, Kim HJ, Choi JY, Kim JS. Saw-tooth vertical saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol. 2023;270(7):3644–3646. doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11696-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abate F, Picillo M, Della Rocca G, Barone P, Erro R. The ”zig-zag” sign in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;79:86–87. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh AG, Factor SA, Juncos J. Saccades in progressive supranuclear palsy - maladapted, irregular, curved, and slow. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(5):671–681. doi:10.1002/mdc3.12491
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright IH, Sekar A, Jensen MT, et al. Reflexive and volitional saccadic eye movements and their changes in age and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci. 2022;443:120482. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce CJ, Goldberg ME. Primate frontal eye fields. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades. J Neurophysiol. 1985;53(3):603–635. doi:10.1152/jn.1985.53.3.603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatas M. Internuclear and supranuclear disorders of eye movements: clinical features and causes. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(12):1265–1277. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02779.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling X, Kim HJ, Lee JH, et al. Loss of torsional quick eye movements during head roll in progressive supranuclear palsy: a new diagnostic marker. J Neurol. 2023;270(4):2230–2236. doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11578-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong RA. Visual signs and symptoms of multiple system atrophy. Clin Exp Optom. 2014;97(6):483–491. doi:10.1111/cxo.12206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson T, Luxon L, Quinn N, Daniel S, David Marsden C, Bronstein A. Oculomotor function in multiple system atrophy: clinical and laboratory features in 30 patients. Mov Disord. 2008;23(7):977–984. doi:10.1002/mds.21999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Sun Y, Wei L, et al. Quantitative assessment of oculomotor function by videonystagmography in multiple system atrophy. Clin Neurophysiol. 2022;141:15–23. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vintonyak O, Gorges M, Müller HP, et al. Patterns of eye movement impairment correlate with regional brain atrophy in neurodegenerative parkinsonism. Neurodegener Dis. 2017;17(4–5):117–126. doi:10.1159/000454880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanfranchi S, Jerman O, Vianello R. Working memory and cognitive skills in individuals with Down syndrome. Child Neuropsychol. 2009;15(4):397–416. doi:10.1080/09297040902740652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal V, Truong D. Eye movement abnormalities in movement disorders. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2019;1:54–63. doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2019.08.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linder J, Wenngren BI, Stenlund H, Forsgren L. Impaired oculomotor function in a community-based patient population with newly diagnosed idiopathic parkinsonism. J Neurol. 2012;259(6):1206–1214. doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6338-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SH, Klier EM, Red SD, et al. Slowed prosaccades and increased antisaccade errors as a potential behavioral biomarker of multiple system atrophy. Front Neurol. 2017;8:261. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidailhet M, Rivaud S, Gouider-Khouja N, et al. Eye movements in parkinsonian syndromes. Ann Neurol. 1994;35(4):420–426. doi:10.1002/ana.410350408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero-Millan J, Serra A, Leigh RJ, Troncoso XG, Macknik SL, Martinez-Conde S. Distinctive features of saccadic intrusions and microsaccades in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurosci. 2011;31(12):4379–4387. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2600-10.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz L, Klockgether T. Multiple system atrophy with macro square-wave jerks. Mov Disord. 2005;20(2):253–254. doi:10.1002/mds.20298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman S, Wenning GK, Low PA, et al. Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Neurology. 2008;71(9):670–676. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000324625.00404.15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rascol O, Sabatini U, Fabre N, et al. Abnormal vestibuloocular reflex cancellation in multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy but not in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 1995;10(2):163–170. doi:10.1002/mds.870100206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Lee WW, Kim JS, Kim HJ, Kim JK, Jeon BS. Perverted head-shaking and positional downbeat nystagmus in patients with multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2009;24(9):1290–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VandeVrede L, Ljubenkov PA, Rojas JC, Welch AE, Boxer AL. Four-repeat tauopathies: current management and future treatments. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(4):1563–1581. doi:10.1007/s13311-020-00888-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfor N, Amici S, Boxer AL, et al. Clinical and neuropsychological features of corticobasal degeneration. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(2):203–207. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmera JB, Rodriguez RD, Studart Neto A, Nitrini R, Brucki SMD. Corticobasal syndrome: a diagnostic conundrum. Dement Neuropsychol. 2016;10(4):267–275. doi:10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1004003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivaud-Péchoux S, Vidailhet M, Gallouedec G, Litvan I, Gaymard B, Pierrot-Deseilligny C. Longitudinal ocular motor study in corticobasal degeneration and progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2000;54(5):1029–1032. doi:10.1212/WNL.54.5.1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosimann UP, Müri RM, Burn DJ, Felblinger J, O’Brien JT, McKeith IG. Saccadic eye movement changes in Parkinson’s disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 6):1267–1276. doi:10.1093/brain/awh484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivaud-Péchoux S, Vidailhet M, Brandel JP, Gaymard B. Mixing pro- and antisaccades in patients with parkinsonian syndromes. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 1):256–264. doi:10.1093/brain/awl315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rinne JO, Lee MS, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. Corticobasal degeneration. A clinical study of 36 cases. Brain. 1994;117(Pt 5):1183–1196. doi:10.1093/brain/117.5.1183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling H, de Silva R, Massey LA, et al. Characteristics of progressive supranuclear palsy presenting with corticobasal syndrome: a cortical variant. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2014;40(2):149–163. doi:10.1111/nan.12037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outeiro TF, Koss DJ, Erskine D, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies: an update and outlook. Mol Neurodegener. 2019;14(1):5. doi:10.1186/s13024-019-0306-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernández-Arcos A, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Santamaria J, et al. Clinical and video-polysomnographic analysis of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and other sleep disturbances in dementia with Lewy bodies. Sleep. 2019;42(7). doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeith I, Mintzer J, Aarsland D, et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurol. 2004;3(1):19–28. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00619-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoula Z, Yang Q, Vernet M, Dieudonné B, Greffard S, Verny M. Spread deficits in initiation, speed and accuracy of horizontal and vertical automatic saccades in dementia with Lewy bodies. Front Neurol. 2010;1:138. doi:10.3389/fneur.2010.00138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brett FM, Henson C, Staunton H. Familial diffuse Lewy body disease, eye movement abnormalities, and distribution of pathology. Arch Neurol. 2002;59(3):464–467. doi:10.1001/archneur.59.3.464
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakashima H, Terada S, Ishizu H, et al. An autopsied case of dementia with Lewy bodies with supranuclear gaze palsy. Neurol Res. 2003;25(5):533–537. doi:10.1179/016164103101201788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin VM, Lees AJ, Daniel SE. Diffuse Lewy body disease presenting with supranuclear gaze palsy, parkinsonism, and dementia: a case report. Mov Disord. 1992;7(4):355–358. doi:10.1002/mds.870070410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong RA. A comparison of visual problems in the parkinsonian syndromes. Intern Med Rev. 2018;4(3):32.
   Google Scholar
• de Villers-Sidani É, Voss P, Guitton D, Cisneros-Franco JM, Koch NA, Ducharme S. A novel tablet-based software for the acquisition and analysis of gaze and eye movement parameters: a preliminary validation study in Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1204733. doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1204733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeyer O, Patel S, FitzGerald JJ, Antoniades CA. Oculomotor deficits in Parkinson’s disease: increasing sensitivity using multivariate approaches. Front Digit Health. 2022;4:939677. doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.939677
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meissner WG. When does Parkinson’s disease begin? From prodromal disease to motor signs. Rev Neurol. 2012;168(11):809–814. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2012.07.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskin J, Cummings J, Hardy J, Schuh K, Dean RA. Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s disease: integrated molecular, physiological, anatomical, biomarker, and cognitive dimensions. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12(8):712–722. doi:10.2174/1567205012666150701103107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar