Determinants of Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Positive Patients on HAART in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, 2020: A Case–Control Study

References

• Kasper F. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 19th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the. Available from: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ethiopian Public Health Institute and ICAP at Columbia University, Ethiopia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (EPHIA) 2017–2018. Summary Sheet: Preliminary Findings; April, 2018:4–7.
   Google Scholar
• Urgessa F, Ararsa A, Ataro Z. Prevalence and associated risk factors of opportunistic infections among anti-retro viral treatment naive HIV/AIDS infected patients. J AIDS Clin Res. 2018;09(03). doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000763
   Google Scholar
• Ethiopian Public Health Institute. HIV related estimates and projections for Ethiopia. Ethiopian Public Health Institute; March, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Moore RD, Chaisson RE. Natural history of opportunistic disease in an HIV-infected urban clinical cohort (Reprinted from Annals of Internal Medicine, vol 124, pg 633–642, 1996). Formulary. 1997;32:S32–42. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-124-7-199604010-00003
   Google Scholar
• Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, Pau A, Holmes KK. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(Supplement_3):S131–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report – guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children; 2009:58.
   Google Scholar
• Ethiopia Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office. Guidelines for management of opportunistic infections and anti-retroviral treatment in adolescents and adults in Ethiopia, March 2008; March, 2008:1–109.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Ministry of Health. National guidelines for comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment; 2017:44–46.
   Google Scholar
• Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office. HIV prevention in Ethiopia: National Road Map; November, 2018:1–43.
   Google Scholar
• Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, Pau A, Holmes KK. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Mob Mortal Weekly Recommit Rep. 2005;53(RR–15):1–112.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus–associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the Era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(s1):S5–14. doi:10.1086/313843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza OJM, Matee MIN, Simon ENM, et al. Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children and adults receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy [HAART] in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/1472-6831-6-12
   Google Scholar
• Khongkunthian P, Grote M, Isaratanan W, Piyaworawong S, Reichart PA. Oral manifestations in 45 HIV-positive children from Northern Thailand. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(9):549–552. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0714.2001.300907.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gona P, Williams PL, Chernoff MC, et al. Incidence of opportunistic and other infections in HIV-infected children in the HAART era. J Am Med Assoc. 2006;296(3):292–300. doi:10.1001/jama.296.3.292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitiku H, Weldegebreal F, Teklemariam Z. Magnitude of opportunistic infections and associated factors in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in eastern ethiopia. HIV/AIDS Res Palliat Care. 2015;7:137–144. doi:10.2147/HIV.S79545
   Google Scholar
• Mitiku AA, Dessie ZG, Muluneh EK, Workie DL. Prevalence and associated factors of TB/HIV co-infection among HIV Infected patients in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Afri Health Sci. 2016;16(2):588–595. doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i2.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damtie D, Yismaw G, Woldeyohannes D, Anagaw B. Common opportunistic infections and their CD4 cell correlates among HIV-infected patients attending at antiretroviral therapy clinic of Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6(1). doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-534
   Google Scholar
• Solomon FB, Angore BN, Koyra HC, Tufa EG, Berheto TM, Admasu M. Spectrum of opportunistic infections and associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS in the era of highly active anti-retroviral treatment in Dawro Zone hospital: a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3707-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kibret KT, Yalew AW, Belaineh BG, Asres MM. Determinant factors associated with occurrence of tuberculosis among adult people living with HIV after antiretroviral treatment initiation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a Case Control Study. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):23–27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed T, Taha M, Deribew A, Tessema F, Assegid S, Colebunders R. Risk factors of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV/AIDS in Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2009;21(2):131–139. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v21i2.69053
   Google Scholar
• Wu ES, Metzger DS, Lynch KG, et al. Association between alcohol use and HIV viral load. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;56.5(2011):e129. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31820dc1c8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moges NA, Kassa GM. Prevalence of opportunistic infections and associated factors among HIV positive patients taking anti-retroviral therapy in Debre Markos referral hospital, northwest Ethiopia. J AIDS Clin Res. 2014;5(5). doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000301
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(4):373–374. World Health Organization.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar