Determinants of Virological Failure Among HIV-Infected Children on First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

References

• Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — fact sheet; 2021. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet. Accessed October 6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Joint United Nations Programme on AIDS. UNAIDS Global AIDS Update; July 14, 2021:2021.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Latest HIV Estimates and Updates on HIV Policies Uptake; July, 2021:2021.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2025 AIDS TARGETS; 2020. Available from: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/2025-AIDS-Targets_en.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• HIV/AIDS JUNPo, HIV/Aids JUNPo. 90-90-90: An Ambitious Treatment Target to Help End the AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: Unaids; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Global data on HIV epidemiology and response; 2020. Available from: https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/. Accessed October 9.
   Google Scholar
• Agency ECs. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016: HIV Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Organization WH. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Infection PoCPfToH. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Afr J Med Pract. 1998;5(2):79.
   Google Scholar
• Maartens G, Celum C, Lewin SR. HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Lancet. 2014;384(9939):258–271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60164-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arpadi SM, Shiau S, De Gusmao EP, Violari A. Routine viral load monitoring in HIV-infected infants and children in low-and middle-income countries: challenges and opportunities. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20:e25001. doi:10.1002/jia2.25001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoufaly A, Fillekes Q, Hammerl R, et al. Prevalence and determinants of virological failure in HIV-infected children on antiretroviral therapy in rural Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. Antivir Ther. 2013;18(5):681–690. doi:10.3851/IMP2562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cissé A-M, Laborde-Balen G, Kébé-Fall K, et al. High level of treatment failure and drug resistance to first-line antiretroviral therapies among HIV-infected children receiving decentralized care in Senegal. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):47. doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1420-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadima J, Patterson E, Mburu M, et al. Adoption of routine virologic testing and predictors of virologic failure among HIV-infected children on antiretroviral treatment in western Kenya. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0200242. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misganie YG, Yizengaw A, Likie A, et al. Rate and predictors of treatment failure among pediatric population taking highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. medRxiv. 2019;19005538.
   Google Scholar
• Bacha T, Tilahun B, Worku A. Predictors of treatment failure and time to detection and switching in HIV-infected Ethiopian children receiving first line anti-retroviral therapy. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):197. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-197
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmett SD, Cunningham CK, Mmbaga BT, et al. Predicting virologic failure among HIV-1-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(4):368. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181cf4882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry O, Powell J, Renner L, et al. Effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy and correlates of longitudinal changes in CD4 and viral load among HIV-infected children in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):476. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisay MM, Ayele TA, Gelaw YA, Tsegaye AT, Gelaye KA, Melak MF. Incidence and risk factors of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(4):e019181. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bienczak A, Denti P, Cook A, et al. Plasma efavirenz exposure, sex, and age predict virological response in HIV-infected African children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;73(2):161. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kityo C, Boerma RS, Sigaloff KC, et al. Pretreatment HIV drug resistance results in virological failure and accumulation of additional resistance mutations in Ugandan children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(9):2587–2595. doi:10.1093/jac/dkx188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitwale NZ, Mnzava DP, Kimaro FD, Jacob T, Mpondo BC, Jumanne S. Prevalence and factors associated with virological treatment failure among children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy attending HIV/AIDS care and treatment clinics in Dodoma municipality, central Tanzania. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2021;10(2):131–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPHI P. ICAP. Ethiopia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Ephia 2017–2018. Summary Sheet: Preliminary Findings; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Osman FT, Yizengaw MA. Virological failure and associated risk factors among HIV/AIDS pediatric patients at the ART clinic of Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia. Open AIDS J. 2020;14(1):61–67. doi:10.2174/1874613602014010061
   Google Scholar
• Barennes H, Virak K, Rouet F, Buisson Y, Strobel M, Vibol U. Factors associated with the failure of first and second-line antiretroviral therapies therapy, a case control study in Cambodian HIV-1 infected children. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):69. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1884-y
   Google Scholar
• Mehta K, Ekstrand M, Heylen E, Sanjeeva G, Shet A. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among children living with HIV in South India. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(5):1076–1083. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1207-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobanputra K, Parker LA, Azih C, et al. Factors associated with virological failure and suppression after enhanced adherence counselling, in children, adolescents and adults on antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Swaziland. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0116144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njom Nlend AE, Motaze AN, Ndiang ST, Fokam J. Predictors of virologic failure on first-line antiretroviral therapy among children in a referral pediatric center in Cameroon. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(11):1067–1072. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001672
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiferaw MB, Endalamaw D, Hussien M, et al. Viral suppression rate among children tested for HIV viral load at the Amhara public health institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-4058-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamya MR, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kambugu A, et al. Predictors of long-term viral failure among Ugandan children and adults treated with antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(2):187–193. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31814278c0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensah E. Predictors of Virological Failure Among Children Infected with HIV-1 on Haart at KATH. 2017. Available from: http://ir.knust.edu.gh:8080/handle/123456789/10001. Accessed February 4, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Muri L, Gamell A, Ntamatungiro AJ, et al. Development of HIV drug resistance and therapeutic failure in children and adolescents in rural Tanzania: an emerging public health concern. AIDS. 2017;31(1):61. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARHB. EFY 2013 Eight Month HIV Prevention & Control Program Performance Review. Debre Tabor: ARHB; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Guideline on When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy and on Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV. Switzerland: WHO; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Minstery of Health E. National Consolidated Guidelines for Comprehensive HIV Prevention, Care and Treatment. Addis Ababa: MoH; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Moolasart V, Chottanapund S, Ausavapipit J, et al. The effect of detectable HIV viral load among HIV-infected children during antiretroviral treatment: a cross-sectional study. Children. 2018;5(1):6. doi:10.3390/children5010006
   Google Scholar
• Seid A, Cherie N, Ahmed K. Determinants of virologic failure among adults on second line antiretroviral therapy in Wollo, Amhara Regional State, Northeast Ethiopia. HIV/AIDS. 2020;12:697.
   Google Scholar