Approaches to the Management of Hypertension in Resource-Limited Settings: Strategies to Overcome the Hypertension Crisis in the Post-COVID Era

References

• Clark A, Jit M, Warren-Gash C, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(8):e1003–e1017. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30264-332553130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185–193. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.01832305533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper RS, Kaufman JS, Bovet P. Global burden of disease attributable to hypertension. JAMA. 2017;317(19):2017–2018. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.421328510671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott MM. The international pandemic of chronic cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 2007;297(11):1253–1255. doi:10.1001/jama.297.11.125317374819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand S. A commitment to curbing the pandemic of cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 2000;356(9226):347. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)73636-9
   Google Scholar
• Campbell NRC, Schutte AE, Varghese CV, et al. São Paulo call to action for the prevention and control of high blood pressure: 2020. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(12):1744–1752. doi:10.1111/jch.13741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez AD, Adair T. Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over? Evidence from national vital statistics. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48(6):1815–1823. doi:10.1093/ije/dyz14331378814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortendahl JD, Diamant AL, Toth PP, Cherepanov D, Harmon AL, Broder MS. Protecting the gains: what changes are needed to prevent a reversal of the downward cardiovascular disease mortality trend? Clin Cardiol. 2019;42(1):47–55. doi:10.1002/clc.2309730318600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs FD, Whelton PK. High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979). 2020;75(2):285–292. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk: general aspects. Pharmacol Res. 2018;129:95–99. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.00329127059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control - global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016;134(6):441–450. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.01891227502908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph P, Leong D, McKee M, et al. Reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease, part 1. Circ Res. 2017;121(6):677–694. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.30890328860318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai P, Ding Y, Wu X, Long J, Zhong Y, Li Y. The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(5):105955. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.10595532234468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackland DT. High blood pressure: a lifetime issue. Hypertension. 2009;54(3):457–458. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.13554119652077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdinand KC, Nasser SA. Understanding the importance of race/ethnicity in the care of the hypertensive patient. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015;17(3):15. doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0526-925754318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb Hooper M, Nápoles AM, Pérez-Stable EJ. COVID-19 and racial/ethnic disparities. JAMA. 2020;323(24):2466–2467. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.859832391864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancy CW. COVID-19 and African Americans. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1891–1892. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.654832293639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forouzanfar MH, Liu P, Roth GA, et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990–2015. JAMA. 2017;317(2):165. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1904328097354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, et al. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(7):e901–e908. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-132405459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa200203232109013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds HR, Adhikari S, Pulgarin C, et al. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors and risk of Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2441–2448. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa200897532356628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardu C, Gambardella J, Morelli MB, Wang X, Marfella R, Santulli G. Hypertension, thrombosis, kidney failure, and diabetes: is COVID-19 an endothelial disease? A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and basic evidence. J Clin Med. 2020;9(5):1417. doi:10.3390/jcm9051417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COVID-19 and hypertension: what we know and don’t know - American College of Cardiology. Available from: https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2020/07/06/08/15/covid-19-and-hypertension. Accessed 712, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Peters DH, Garg A, Bloom G, Walker DG, Brieger WR, Hafizur Rahman M. Poverty and access to health care in developing countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136(1):161–171. doi:10.1196/annals.1425.01117954679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeete J, Connell K, Ordunez P, DiPette DJ. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 hypertension guideline: implications for incorporation in Latin America, the Caribbean, and other resource-limited settings. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20(9):1342–1349. doi:10.1111/jch.13343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh MM, Erondu NA, Tomori O, et al. Access to lifesaving medical resources for African countries: COVID-19 testing and response, ethics, and politics. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1735–1738. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31093-X32386564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim MM, Damasceno A. Hypertension in developing countries. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):611–619. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60861-722883510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Li Z, Cheng X, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics, transmission chain, and risk factors of severe infection of COVID-19 in Tianjin, a Representative Municipality City of China. Front Public Health. 2020;8:198. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.0019832671007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai AN, Patel P. Stopping the spread of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1516. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.426932196079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader P, Boisclair D, Ferrence R. Effects of tobacco taxation and pricing on smoking behavior in high risk populations: a knowledge synthesis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(11):4118–4139. doi:10.3390/ijerph811411822163198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters SAE, Dunford E, Ware LJ, et al. The sodium content of processed foods in South Africa during the introduction of mandatory sodium limits. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):404. doi:10.3390/nu9040404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyness LA, Butriss JL, Stanner SA. Reducing the population’s sodium intake: the UK Food Standards Agency’s salt reduction programme. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(2):254–261. doi:10.1017/S136898001100096621729460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath GW, Parra DC, Sarmiento OL, et al. Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):272–281. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60816-222818939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedanthan R, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Herasme OI, et al. Innovative approaches to hypertension control in low- and middle-income countries. Cardiol Clin. 2017;35(1):99–115. doi:10.1016/j.ccl.2016.08.01027886793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel P, Ordunez P, Connell K, Lackland D, DiPette D. Standardized hypertension management to reduce cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality worldwide. South Med J. 2018;111(3):133–136. doi:10.14423/SMJ.000000000000077629505645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel P, Ordunez P, DiPette D, et al. Improved blood pressure control to reduce cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: the standardized hypertension treatment and prevention project. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;(Cdc):1–11. doi:10.1111/jch.12861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe MG, Lee GA, Young JD, Sidney S, Go AS. Improved blood pressure control associated with a large-scale hypertension program. JAMA. 2013;310(7):699. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.10876923989679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frieden TR, Bloomberg MR. Saving an additional 100 million lives. Lancet (London, England). 2018;391(10121):709–712. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32443-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEARTS in the Americas - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization. Available from: https://www.paho.org/en/hearts-americas. Accessed 427, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Valdés González Y, Campbell NRC, Pons Barrera E, et al. Implementation of a community-based hypertension control program in Matanzas, Cuba. J Clin Hypertens. 2020;22(2):142–149. doi:10.1111/jch.13814
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharman JE, O’Brien E, Alpert B, et al. Lancet Commission on Hypertension group position statement on the global improvement of accuracy standards for devices that measure blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2020;38(1):21–29. doi:10.1097/HJH.000000000000224631790375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127 LP–e248. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.00629146535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy33930165516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPette DJ, Skeete J, Ridley E, et al. Fixed-dose combination pharmacologic therapy to improve hypertension control worldwide: clinical perspective and policy implications. J Clin Hypertens. 2019. doi:10.1111/jch.13426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar