1,067
Views
248
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Antifungal resistance: current trends and future strategies to combat

Pages 249-259 | Published online: 29 Aug 2017

References

  • VallabhaneniSClevelandAAFarleyMMEpidemiology and risk factors for echinocandin nonsusceptible Candida glabrata bloodstream infections: data from a large multisite population-based candidemia surveillance program, 2008–2014Open Forum Infect Dis201524ofv16326677456
  • VerweijPEChowdharyAMelchersWJMeisJFAzole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: can we retain the clinical use of mold-active antifungal azoles?Clin Infect Dis201662336236826486705
  • Rivero-MenendezOAlastruey-IzquierdoAMelladoECuenca-EstrellaMTriazole resistance in Aspergillus spp: a worldwide problem?J Fungi20162321
  • LacknerMHagenFMeisJFSusceptibility and diversity in the therapy-refractory genus scedosporiumAntimicrob Agents Chemother201458105877588525070092
  • LacknerMde HoogGSYangLProposed nomenclature for Pseudallescheria, Scedosporium and related generaFungal Divers2014671110
  • WalshTJGrollAHiemenzJFlemingRRoilidesEAnaissieEInfections due to emerging and uncommon medically important fungal pathogensClin Microbiol Infect200410Suppl 1486614748802
  • LockhartSREtienneKAVallabhaneniSSimultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analyzesClin Infect Dis201764213414027988485
  • PfallerMADiekemaDJGibbsDLResults from the ARTEMIS DISK global antifungal surveillance study, 1997 to 2007: a 10.5-year analysis of susceptibilities of Candida species to fluconazole and voriconazole as determined by CLSI standardized disk diffusionJ Clin Microbiol20104841366137720164282
  • PfallerMAMesserSAMoetGJJonesRNCastanheiraMCandida bloodstream infections: comparison of species distribution and resistance to echinocandin and azole antifungal agents in intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU settings in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008–2009)Int J Antimicrob Agents2011381656921514797
  • YaparNEpidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasisTher Clin Risk Manag2014109510524611015
  • WHOAntimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance2014 Available from: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/Accessed June 21, 2017
  • WhiteTCMarrKABowdenRAClinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistanceClin Microbiol Rev19981123824029564569
  • SanglardDEmerging threats in antifungal-resistant fungal pathogensFront Med (Lausanne)201631127014694
  • OberoiJKWattalCGoelNRaveendranRDattaSPrasadKNon-albicans Candida species in blood stream infections in a tertiary care hospital at New Delhi, IndiaIndian J Med Res20121366997100323391796
  • BeydaNDJohnJKilicAAlamMJLascoTMGareyKWFKS mutant Candida glabrata: risk factors and outcomes in patients with candidemiaClin Infect Dis201459681982524879785
  • AlexanderBDJohnsonMDPfeifferCDIncreasing echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata: clinical failure correlates with presence of FKS mutations and elevated minimum inhibitory concentrationsClin Infect Dis201356121724173223487382
  • ChakrabartiASoodPRudramurthySMIncidence, characteristics and outcome of ICU-acquired candidemia in IndiaIntensive Care Med201541228529525510301
  • AdhikaryRJoshiSSpecies distribution and anti-fungal susceptibility of Candidaemia at a multi super-specialty center in Southern IndiaIndian J Med Microbiol201129330931121860117
  • PfallerMACastanheiraMMesserSAJonesRNIn vitro antifungal susceptibilities of isolates of Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. from China to nine systemically active antifungal agents: data from the SENTRY antifungal surveillance program, 2010 through 2012Mycoses201558420921425727853
  • GuoFYangYKangYInvasive candidiasis in intensive care units in China: a multicentre prospective observational studyJ Antimicrob Chemother20136871660166823543609
  • XiaoMFanXChenSCAntifungal susceptibilities of Candida glabrata species complex, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis species complex and Candida tropicalis causing invasive candidiasis in China: 3 year national surveillanceJ Antimicrob Chemother201570380281025473027
  • LiaoXQiuHLiRRisk factors for fluconazole-resistant invasive candidiasis in intensive care unit patients: an analysis from the China Survey of Candidiasis studyJ Crit Care2015304862.e1e5
  • PappasPGKauffmanCAAndesDRClinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaClin Infect Dis2016624e1e5026679628
  • MesserSADiekemaDJBoykenLTendolkarSHollisRJPfallerMAActivities of micafungin against 315 invasive clinical isolates of fluconazole-resistant Candida sppJ Clin Microbiol200644232432616455878
  • ParkSKellyRKahnJNSpecific substitutions in the echinocandin target Fks1p account for reduced susceptibility of rare laboratory and clinical Candida sp. isolatesAntimicrob Agents Chemother20054983264327316048935
  • Garcia-EffronGKatiyarSKParkSEdlindTDPerlinDSA naturally occurring proline-to-alanine amino acid change in Fks1p in Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis accounts for reduced echinocandin susceptibilityAntimicrob Agents Chemother20085272305231218443110
  • ThompsonGRWiederholdNPVallorACVillarealNCLewisJSPattersonTFDevelopment of caspofungin resistance following prolonged therapy for invasive candidiasis secondary to Candida glabrata infectionAntimicrob Agents Chemother200852103783378518676885
  • ArendrupMCPerlinDSEchinocandin resistance: an emerging clinical problem?Curr Opin Infect Dis201427648449225304391
  • MalaniAHmoudJChiuLCarverPLBielaczycAKauffmanCACandida glabrata fungemia: experience in a tertiary care centerClin Infect Dis200541797598116142662
  • ShieldsRKNguyenMHPressEGUpdikeCLClancyCJAnidulafungin and micafungin MIC breakpoints are superior to that of caspofungin for identifying FKS mutant Candida glabrata strains and Echinocandin resistanceAntimicrob Agents Chemother201357126361636524060873
  • ShieldsRKNguyenMHPressEGThe presence of an FKS mutation rather than MIC is an independent risk factor for failure of echinocandin therapy among patients with invasive candidiasis due to Candida glabrataAntimicrob Agents Chemother20125694862486922751546
  • Garcia-EffronGLeeSParkSClearyJDPerlinDSEffect of Candida glabrata FKS1 and FKS2 mutations on echinocandin sensitivity and kinetics of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase: implication for the existing susceptibility breakpointAntimicrob Agents Chemother20095393690369919546367
  • ArendrupMCPerlinDSJensenRHHowardSJGoodwinJHopeWDifferential in vivo activities of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against Candida glabrata isolates with and without FKS resistance mutationsAntimicrob Agents Chemother20125652435244222354305
  • PfallerMACastanheiraMLockhartSRAhlquistAMMesserSAJonesRNFrequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrataJ Clin Microbiol20125041199120322278842
  • HealeyKRZhaoYPerezWBPrevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistanceNat Commun201671112827020939
  • ChowdharyASharmaCMeisJFCandida auris: a rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globallyPLoS Pathog2017135e100629028542486
  • KathuriaSSinghPKSharmaCMultidrug-resistant Candida auris misidentified as Candida haemulonii: characterization by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and DNA sequencing and its antifungal susceptibility profile variability by Vitek 2, CLSI Broth Microdilution, and Etest MethodJ Clin Microbiol20155361823183025809970
  • SharmaCKumarNPandeyRMeisJFChowdharyAWhole genome sequencing of emerging multidrug resistant Candida auris isolates in India demonstrates low genetic variationNew Microbes New Infect201613778227617098
  • BueidAHowardSJMooreCBAzole antifungal resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: 2008 and 2009J Antimicrob Chemother201065102116211820729241
  • HowardSJCerarDAndersonMJFrequency and evolution of Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus associated with treatment failureEmerg Infect Dis20091571068107619624922
  • ChowdharyASharmaCKathuriaSHagenFMeisJFAzole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus with the environmental TR46/Y121F/T289A mutation in IndiaJ Antimicrob Chemother201469255555724084639
  • ChowdharyASharmaCvan den BoomMMulti-azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in the environment in TanzaniaJ Antimicrob Chemother201469112979298325006238
  • VerweijPEMelladoEMelchersWJMultiple-triazole-resistant aspergillosisN Engl J Med20073561414811483
  • van der LindenJWCampsSMKampingaGAAspergillosis due to voriconazole highly resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and recovery of genetically related resistant isolates from domicilesClin Infect Dis201357451352023667263
  • LockhartSRFradeJPEtienneKAPfallerMADiekemaDJBalajeeSAAzole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from the ARTEMIS global surveillance study is primarily due to the TR/L98H mutation in the cyp51A geneAntimicrobl Agents Chemother201155944654468
  • SneldersEHuis In ‘t VeldRARijsAJKemaGHMelchersWJVerweijPEPossible environmental origin of resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus to medical triazolesAppl Environ Microbiol200975124053405719376899
  • SuguiJAPetersonSWFigatAGenetic relatedness versus biological compatibility between Aspergillus fumigatus and related speciesJ Clin Microbiol201452103707372125100816
  • BalajeeSAGribskovJBrandtMItoJFothergillAMarrKAMistaken identity: Neosartorya pseudofischeri and its anamorph masquerading as Aspergillus fumigatusJ Clin Microbiol200543125996599916333088
  • GhebremedhinBBluemelANeumannKHKoenigBKoenigWPeritonitis due to Neosartorya pseudofischeri in an elderly patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis successfully treated with voriconazoleJ Med Microbiol200958Pt 567868219369533
  • VargaJHoubrakenJVan Der LeeHAVerweijPESamsonRAAspergillus calidoustus sp. nov., causative agent of human infections previously assigned to Aspergillus ustusEukaryot Cell20087463063818281596
  • BalajeeSAKanoRBaddleyJWMolecular identification of Aspergillus species collected for the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance NetworkJ Clin Microbiol200947103138314119675215
  • Alastruey-IzquierdoAMelladoEPelaezTPopulation-based survey of filamentous fungi and antifungal resistance in Spain (FILPOP Study)Antimicrob Agents Chemother20135773380338723669377
  • BalajeeSAHoubrakenJVerweijPEAspergillus species identification in the clinical settingStud Mycol200759394618490954
  • CornelyOAMaertensJBresnikMLiposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial)Clin Infect Dis200744101289129717443465
  • PattersonTFThompsonGR3rdDenningDWPractice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of aspergillosis: 2016 update by the infectious diseases society of AmericaClin Infect Dis2016634e1e6027365388
  • JohnsonLSShieldsRKClancyCJEpidemiology, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of Scedosporium infections among solid organ transplant recipientsTranspl Infect Dis201416457858724962102
  • HusainSMunozPForrestGInfections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcomeClin Infect Dis2005401899915614697
  • LamarisGAChamilosGLewisRESafdarARaadIIKontoyiannisDPScedosporium infection in a tertiary care cancer center: a review of 25 cases from 1989–2006Clin Infect Dis200643121580158417109292
  • NucciMEmerging moulds: Fusarium, Scedosporium and Zygomycetes in transplant recipientsCurr Opin Infect Dis200316660761214624113
  • DoligalskiCTBenedictKClevelandAAEpidemiology of invasive mold infections in lung transplant recipientsAm J Transplant20141461328133324726020
  • CortezKJRoilidesEQuiroz-TellesFInfections caused by Scedosporium sppClin Microbiol Rev200821115719718202441
  • LewisREWiederholdNPKlepserMEIn vitro pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B, itraconazole, and voriconazole against Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Scedosporium sppAntimicrob Agents Chemother200549394595115728887
  • GuarroJKantarciogluASHorreRScedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunistMed Mycol200644429532716772225
  • KessonAMBellemoreMCO’MaraTJEllisDHSorrellTCScedosporium prolificans osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child treated with a novel agent, hexadecylphospocholine (miltefosine), in combination with terbinafine and voriconazole: a case reportClin Infect Dis20094891257126119320594
  • BiswasCSorrellTCDjordjevicJTZuoXJolliffeKAChenSCIn vitro activity of miltefosine as a single agent and in combination with voriconazole or posaconazole against uncommon filamentous fungal pathogensJ Antimicrob Chemother201368122842284623861311
  • NucciMMarrKAQueiroz-TellesFFusarium infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipientsClin Infect Dis20043891237124215127334
  • NucciMMarrKAVehreschildMJImprovement in the outcome of invasive fusariosis in the last decadeClin Microbiol Infect201420658058524118322
  • O’DonnellKSarverBABrandtMPhylogenetic diversity and microsphere array-based genotyping of human pathogenic Fusaria, including isolates from the multistate contact lens-associated U.S. keratitis outbreaks of 2005 and 2006J Clin Microbiol20074572235224817507522
  • HoekstraWJGarveyEPMooreWRRaffertySWYatesCMSchotzingerRJDesign and optimization of highly-selective fungal CYP51 inhibitorsBioorg Med Chem Lett201424153455345824948565
  • WarrilowAGHullCMParkerJEThe clinical candidate VT-1161 is a highly potent inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but fails to bind the human enzymeAntimicrob Agents Chemother201458127121712725224009
  • WarrilowAGParkerJEPriceCLThe Investigational Drug VT-1129 is a highly potent inhibitor of Cryptococcus species CYP51 but only weakly inhibits the human enzymeAntimicrob Agents Chemother20166084530453827161631
  • ShubitzLFTrinhHTGalgianiJNEvaluation of VT-1161 for treatment of coccidioidomycosis in murine infection modelsAntimicrob Agents Chemother201559127249725426369964
  • FothergillAWWiederholdNPHoekstraWJThe fungal Cyp51 inhibitors VT-1129 and VT-1161 maintain in vitro activity against Candida albicans isolates with reduced antifungal susceptibility51st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySeptember 17–20, 2011Chicago, IL
  • LongLIshamNGhannoumMAHigh in vitro potency of the clinical investigational agent VT-1161 against clinical isolates of Candida spp25th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesApril 25–28, 2015Copenhagen, Denmark
  • LockhartSRFothergillAWIqbalNThe investigational fungal Cyp51 inhibitor VT-1129 demonstrates potent n vitro activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattiiAntimicrob Agents Chemother20166042528253126787697
  • GarveyEPHoekstraWJSchotzingerRJSobelJDLillyEAFidelPLJrEfficacy of the clinical agent VT-1161 against fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant Candida albicans in a murine model of vaginal candidiasisAntimicrob Agents Chemother20155995567557326124165
  • NajvarLKWiederholdNPGarveyEPEfficacy of the novel Fungal Cyp51 inhibitor VT-1161 against invasive candidiasis caused by resistant Candida albicans18th International Congress of the International Society of Human and Animal MycosesJune 11–15, 2012Berlin, Germany
  • WiederholdNPNajvarLKGarveyEPEfficacy of the novel fungal Cyp51 inhibitors VT-1161 and VT-1411 against invasive candidiasis caused by Candida albicans and Candida glabrata11th American Society of Microbiology Conference on Candida and CandidiasisMarch 29 – April 2, 2012San Francisco, CA
  • WiederholdNPTranHPattersonHPYatesCMSchotzingerRJGarveyEPThe Novel Fungal Cyp51 Inhibitor VT-1598 Demonstrates Potent In vitro Activity against Endemic Fungi, Aspergillus, and RhizopusASM MicrobeJune 1–5, 2017New Orleans, LA
  • HargroveTYGarveyEPHoekstraWJCrystal structure of the new investigational drug candidate VT-1598 in complex with Aspergillus fumigatus sterol 14alpha-demethylase provides insights into its broad-spectrum antifungal activityAntimicrob Agents Chemother2017617e005701728461309
  • WiederholdNPTranHPattersonHPYatesCMSchotzingerRJGarveyEPThe Novel Fungal Cyp51 Inhibitor VT-1598 Demonstrates Potent In vitro Activity against Candida and Cryptococcus SpeciesASM MicrobeJune 1–5, 2017New Orleans, LA
  • BerkowELLeNPetersonJIn vitro Activity of a Novel CYP51 Inhibitor, VT-1598, against Clinical Isolates of Candida aurisASM MicrobeJune 1–5, 2017New Orleans, LA
  • JamesKKrishnanRSmithSLaudemanCPolowyKVaidyaABiafungin (CD101), a novel echinocandi, displays a long half-life in the chimpanzee, suggesting a once-weekly IV dosing option (abstr A-694)54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySeptember 5–9, 2014Washington, DC
  • SandisonTOngVLeeJThyeDSafety and pharmacokinetics of CD101 IV, a novel echinocandin, in healthy adultsAntimicrob Agents Chemother2017612e016271627919901
  • PfallerMAMesserSARhombergPRJonesRNCastanheiraMActivity of a long-acting echinocandin, CD101, determined using CLSI and EUCAST reference methods, against Candida and Aspergillus spp., including echinocandin- and azole-resistant isolatesJ Antimicrob Chemother201671102868287327287236
  • LockeJBAlmaguerALZuillDEBartizalKCharacterization of in vitro resistance development to the novel echinocandin CD101 in Candida speciesAntimicrob Agents Chemother201660106100610727480852
  • OngVHoughGSchlosserMPreclinical evaluation of the stability, safety and efficacy of CD101, a novel echinocandinAntimicrob Agents Chemother201660116872687927620474
  • ZhaoYPerezWBJimenez-OrtigosaCCD101: a novel longacting echinocandinCell Microbiol20161891308131627354115
  • GhannoumMLarkinELongLSusceptibilty of recent Candida auris isolates to the novel echinocandin CD101 and comparator antifungal agents27th European Congress on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesApril 22–25, 2017Vienna, Austria
  • PfallerMAMesserSAMotylMRJonesRNCastanheiraMActivity of MK-3118, a new oral glucan synthase inhibitor, tested against Candida spp. by two international methods (CLSI and EUCAST)J Antimicrob Chemother201368485886323190764
  • LepakAJMarchilloKAndesDRPharmacodynamic target evaluation of a novel oral glucan synthase inhibitor, SCY-078 (MK-3118), using an in vivo murine invasive candidiasis modelAntimicrob Agents Chemother20155921265127225512406
  • LarkinEHagerCChandraJThe emerging pathogen Candida auris: growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formationAntimicrob Agents Chemother2017615e023961628223375
  • BerkowELAnguloDLockhartSRIn vitro activity of a novel glucan synthase inhibitor, SCY-078, against clinical isolates of Candida aurisAntimicrob Agents Chemother2017617e004351728483955
  • LamothFAlexanderBDAntifungal activities of SCY-078 (MK-3118) and standard antifungal agents against clinical non-Aspergillus mold isolatesAntimicrob Agents Chemother20155974308431125896696
  • OliverJDSibleyGEBeckmannNF901318 represents a novel class of antifungal drug that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenaseProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2016113451280912814
  • FothergillAWWiederholdNPSibleyGSpectrum of activity of F901318, the first agent from the newly discovered orotomide class of antifungals (abstr. F-756)Paper presented at: ICAAC/ICC 20152015San Diego, CA
  • WiederholdNPLawDBirchMDihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor F901318 has potent in vitro activity against Scedosporium species and Lomentospora prolificansJ Antimicrob Chemother Epub2017315
  • BuilJBRijsAJMMMeisJFMActivity of 901318 against azole-resistant and difficult-to-treat Aspergillus species (abstr. 1605)26th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesApril 9–12, 2016Amsterdam, the Netherlands
  • ChaffinWLCandida albicans cell wall proteinsMicrobiol Mol Biol2008723495544
  • MiyazakiMHoriiTHataKIn vitro activity of E1210, a novel antifungal, against clinically important yeasts and moldsAntimicrob Agents Chemother201155104652465821825291
  • PfallerMADuncansonFMesserSAMoetGJJonesRNCastanheiraMIn vitro activity of a novel broad-spectrum antifungal, E1210, tested against Aspergillus spp. determined by CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methodsAntimicrob Agents Chemother201155115155515821844312
  • PfallerMAHataKJonesRNMesserSAMoetGJCastanheiraMIn vitro activity of a novel broad-spectrum antifungal, E1210, tested against Candida spp. as determined by CLSI broth microdilution methodDiagn Microbiol Infect Dis201171216717021696907
  • CastanheiraMDuncansonFPDiekemaDJGuarroJJonesRNPfallerMAActivities of E1210 and comparator agents tested by CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods against Fusarium and Scedosporium species identified using molecular methodsAntimicrob Agents Chemother201256135235722083469
  • WiederholdNPNajvarLKFothergillAWThe investigational agent E1210 is effective in treatment of experimental invasive candidiasis caused by resistant Candida albicansAntimicrob Agents Chemother201559169069225331706
  • HataKHoriiTMiyazakiMEfficacy of oral E1210, a new broad-spectrum antifungal with a novel mechanism of action, in murine models of candidiasis, aspergillosis, and fusariosisAntimicrob Agents Chemother201155104543455121788462
  • MitsuyamaJNomuraNHashimotoKIn vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of T-2307, a novel arylamidineAntimicrob Agents Chemother20085241318132418227186
  • ShibataTTakahashiTYamadaET-2307 causes collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in yeastAntimicrob Agents Chemother201256115892589722948882
  • NishikawaHYamadaEShibataTUptake of T-2307, a novel arylamidine, in Candida albicansJ Antimicrob Chemother20106581681168720513704
  • WiederholdNPNajvarLKFothergillAWThe novel arylamidine T-2307 maintains in vitro and in vivo activity against echinocandin-resistant Candida albicansAntimicrob Agents Chemother20155921341134325451054
  • WiederholdNPNajvarLKFothergillAWThe novel arylamidine T-2307 demonstrates in vitro and in vivo activity against echinocandin-resistant Candida glabrataJ Antimicrob Chemother201671369269526620102
  • NakamuraIOhsumiKYoshimatsuKASP2397: a novel natural prodcut with potent fungicidal activity against Aspergillus spp – a new mode of action and in vitro activity (abstr F-1590)54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySeptember 5–9, 2014Washington, DC
  • NakamuraIYoshimuraSMasakiTASP2397: a novel antifungal agent produced by Acremonium persicinum MF-347833J Antibiot (Tokyo)2016717
  • NakamuraIKanasakiRYoshikawaKDiscovery of a new antifungal agent ASP2397 using a silkworm model of Aspergillus fumigatus infectionJ Antibiot (Tokyo)2016701414427577982
  • NakamuraINakaiTMatsumotoSASP2397: a novel natural product with potent fungicidal activity against Aspergillus spp – In vivo activity against A fumigatus54th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapySeptember 5–9, 2014Washington, DC
  • WiederholdNPNajvarLKJaramilloRThe Novel Antifungal VL-2397 Demonstrates Efficacy in an In vivo Model of Invasive Candidiasis caused by Wild-Type and Multi-Drug Resistant Candida glabrataASM MicrobeJune 1–5, 2017New Orleans, LA
  • MammenMPArmasDRSmithLRPhase 1 Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of VL-2397, a Novel Antifungal AgentASM MicrobeJune 1–5, 2017New Orleans, LA