Pathogenesis and management of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis

References

• Gonçalves MA, de Vries AA. Adenovirus: from foe to friend. Rev Med Virol. 2006;16(3):167–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhanji V, Chan TC, Li EY, Agarwal K, Vajpayee RB. Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 2015;60(5):435–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghebremedhin B. Human adenovirus: viral pathogen with increasing importance. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2014;4(1):26–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson CM, Zhou X, Rajaiya J, et al. Predicting the next eye pathogen: analysis of a novel adenovirus. mBio. 2013;4(2):e00595–e00512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee E, Barouch D. Adenoviruses. In: Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2015:1787–1793.
   Google Scholar
• Lion T. Adenovirus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(3):441–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray G. Adenovirus vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, editors. Vaccines. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2013:113–126.
   Google Scholar
• Artieda J, Pineiro L, Gonzalez M, et al. A swimming pool-related outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever in children due to adenovirus type 4, Gipuzkoa, Spain, 2008. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(8):19125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xie L, Yu XF, Sun Z, et al. Two adenovirus serotype 3 outbreaks associated with febrile respiratory disease and pharyngoconjunctival fever in children under 15 years of age in Hangzhou, China, during 2011. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1879–1888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley D, Harrower B, Lyon M, Dick A. A primary school outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 3. Commun Dis Intell. 2001;25(1):9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang L, Zhao N, Sha J, et al. Virology and epidemiology analyses of global adenovirus-associated conjunctivitis outbreaks, 1953–2013. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144(8):1661–1672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Angelo LJ, Hierholzer JC, Holman RC, Smith JD. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8: epidemiologic and laboratory aspects of a large outbreak. Am J Epidemiol. 1981;113(1):44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond S, Burman R, Crosdale E, et al. A large outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8. J Hyg (Lond). 1984;93(2):285–291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee YC, Chen N, Huang IT, et al. Human adenovirus type 8 epidemic keratoconjunctivitis with large corneal epithelial full-layer detachment: an endemic outbreak with uncommon manifestations. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:953–957.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford E, Nelson KE, Warren D. Epidemiology of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Epidemiol Rev. 1987;9:244–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenson S, Newman R, Fedukowicz H. Laboratory studies in acute conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1982;100(8):1275–1277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaar K, Röger C, Pozzuto T, Kurreck J, Pinkert S, Fechner H. Biological antivirals for treatment of adenovirus infections. Antivir Ther. 2016;21(7):559–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemerow GR, Pache L, Reddy V, Stewart PL. Insights into adenovirus host cell interactions from structural studies. Virology. 2009;384(2):380–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lütschg V, Boucke K, Hemmi S, Greber UF. Chemotactic antiviral cytokines promote infectious apical entry of human adenovirus into polarized epithelial cells. Nat Commun. 2011;2:391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cupelli K, Stehle T. Viral attachment strategies: the many faces of adenoviruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2011;1(2):84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaerts L, Naesens L. Antiviral therapy for adenovirus infections. Antiviral Res. 2006;71(2–3):172–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainotti R, Ricarte C, Ebekian B, et al. Real time PCR for rapid determination of susceptibility of adenovirus to antiviral drugs. J Virol Methods. 2010;164(1–2):30–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto D, Chodosh J, Brister JR, Jones MS. Using the whole-genome sequence to characterize and name human adenoviruses. J Virol. 2011;85(11):5701–5702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Adenovirus Working Group [homepage]. Available from: http://hadvwg.gmu.edu. Accessed April 29, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Wickham TJ, Mathias P, Cheresh DA, Nemerow GR. Integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 promote adenovirus internalization but not virus attachment. Cell. 1993;73(2):309–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters RW, Freimuth P, Moninger TO, Ganske I, Zabner J, Welsh MJ. Adenovirus fiber disrupts CAR-mediated intercellular adhesion allowing virus escape. Cell. 2002;110(6):789–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saban SD, Silvestry M, Nemerow GR, Stewart PL. Visualization of α-helices in a 6-angstrom resolution cryoelectron microscopy structure of adenovirus allows refinement of capsid protein assignments. J Virol. 2006;80(24):12049–12059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergelson JM, Cunningham JA, Droguett G, et al. Isolation of a common receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5. Science. 1997;275(5304):1320–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu E, Trauger SA, Pache L, et al. Membrane cofactor protein is a receptor for adenoviruses associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. J Virol. 2004;78(8):3897–3905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnberg N, Edlund K, Kidd AH, Wadell G. Adenovirus type 37 uses sialic acid as a cellular receptor. J Virol. 2000;74(1):42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Li ZY, Liu Y, et al. Desmoglein 2 is a receptor for adenovirus serotypes 3, 7, 11 and 14. Nat Med. 2011;17(1):96–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dechecchi MC, Melotti P, Bonizzato A, Santacatterina M, Chilosi M, Cabrini G. Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are receptors sufficient to mediate the initial binding of adenovirus types 2 and 5. J Virol. 2001;75(18):8772–8780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short JJ, Pereboev AV, Kawakami Y, Vasu C, Holterman MJ, Curiel DT. Adenovirus serotype 3 utilizes CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) as cellular attachment receptors. Virology. 2004;322(2):349–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson EC, Storm RJ, Bauer J, et al. The GD1a glycan is a cellular receptor for adenoviruses causing epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Nat Med. 2011;17(1):105–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfrum N, Greber UF. Adenovirus signalling in entry. Cell Microbiol. 2013;15(1):53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia D, Henry LJ, Gerard RD, Deisenhofer J. Crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of adenovirus type 5 fiber protein at 1.7 A resolution. Structure. 1994;2(12):1259–1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JG, Wiethoff CM, Stewart PL, Nemerow GR. Adenovirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2010;343:195–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunther PS, Mikeler E, Hamprecht K, Schneider-Schaulies J, Jahn G, Dennehy KM. CD209/DC-SIGN mediates efficient infection of monocyte-derived dendritic cells by clinical adenovirus 2C isolates in the presence of bovine lactoferrin. J Gen Virol. 2011;92(Pt 8):1754–1759.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li E, Stupack D, Klemke R, Cheresh DA, Nemerow GR. Adenovirus endocytosis via αv integrins requires phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase. J Virol. 1998;72(3):2055–2061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathias P, Wickham T, Moore M, Nemerow G. Multiple adenovirus serotypes use αv integrins for infection. J Virol. 1994;68(10):6811–6814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousuf MA, Zhou X, Mukherjee S, et al. Caveolin-1 associated adenovirus entry into human corneal cells. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e77462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaiya J, Xiao J, Rajala RV, Chodosh J. Human adenovirus type 19 infection of corneal cells induces p38 MAPK-dependent interleukin-8 expression. Virol J. 2008;5:17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li E, Stupack D, Bokoch GM, Nemerow GR. Adenovirus endocytosis requires actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by Rho family GTPases. J Virol. 1998;72(11):8806–8812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez E, Everitt E. Adenovirus uncoating and nuclear establishment are not affected by weak base amines. J Virol. 1996;70(6):3470–3477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiethoff CM, Wodrich H, Gerace L, Nemerow GR. Adenovirus protein VI mediates membrane disruption following capsid disassembly. J Virol. 2005;79(4):1992–2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greber UF, Webster P, Weber J, Helenius A. The role of the adenovirus protease on virus entry into cells. EMBO J. 1996;15(8):1766–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greber UF, Willetts M, Webster P, Helenius A. Stepwise dismantling of adenovirus 2 during entry into cells. Cell. 1993;75(3):477–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saphire AC, Guan T, Schirmer EC, Nemerow GR, Gerace L. Nuclear import of adenovirus DNA in vitro involves the nuclear protein import pathway and hsc70. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(6):4298–4304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold PL, Kreitzer G, Miyazawa N, et al. Dynein- and microtubule-mediated translocation of adenovirus serotype 5 occurs after endosomal lysis. Hum Gene Ther. 2000;11(1):151–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung YS, Kim MK, Lee WJ, Kang C. Silencing E1A mRNA by RNA interference inhibits adenovirus replication. Arch Virol. 2007;152(7):1305–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzuto T, Röger C, Kurreck J, Fechner H. Enhanced suppression of adenovirus replication by triple combination of anti-adenoviral siRNAs, soluble adenovirus receptor trap sCAR-Fc and cidofovir. Antiviral Res. 2015;120:72–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H, Naismith JH, Hay RT. Adenovirus DNA replication. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2003;272:131–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Aguado P, Serna-Gallego A, Marrugal-Lorenzo JA, Gomez-Marin I, Sanchez-Cespedes J. Antiadenovirus drug discovery: potential targets and evaluation methodologies. Drug Discov Today. 2015;20(10):1235–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos JL, ten Wolde-Kraamwinkel HC. The E1b promoter of Ad12 in mouse L tk-cells is activated by adenovirus region E1a. EMBO J. 1983;2(1):73–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kneidinger D, Ibrisimovic M, Lion T, Klein R. Inhibition of adenovirus multiplication by short interfering RNAs directly or indirectly targeting the viral DNA replication machinery. Antiviral Res. 2012;94(3):195–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenbaum JO, Field J, Hurwitz J. The adenovirus DNA binding protein and adenovirus DNA polymerase interact to catalyze elongation of primed DNA templates. J Biol Chem. 1986;261(22):10218–10227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Breukelen B, Brenkman AB, Holthuizen PE, van der Vliet PC. Adenovirus type 5 DNA binding protein stimulates binding of DNA polymerase to the replication origin. J Virol. 2003;77(2):915–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challberg MD, Desiderio SV, Kelly TJ Jr. Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro: characterization of a protein covalently linked to nascent DNA strands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980;77(9):5105–5109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeben RC, Uil TG. Adenovirus DNA replication. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013;5(3):a013003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan D, Sharma P, Dudus L, et al. Formation of adeno-associated virus circular genomes is differentially regulated by adenovirus E4 ORF6 and E2a gene expression. J Virol. 1999;73(1):161–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flomenberg PR, Chen M, Horwitz MS. Characterization of a major histocompatibility complex class I antigen-binding glycoprotein from adenovirus type 35, a type associated with immunocompromised hosts. J Virol. 1987;61(12):3665–3671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg HS, Lundholm-Beauchamp U, Horswood RL, et al. Role of early region 3 (E3) in pathogenesis of adenovirus disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(10):3823–3827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbert DN, Cutt JR, Shenk T. Adenovirus early region 4 encodes functions required for efficient DNA replication, late gene expression, and host cell shutoff. J Virol. 1985;56(1):250–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JD, Hearing P. Distinct roles of the adenovirus E4 ORF3 protein in viral DNA replication and inhibition of genome concatenation. J Virol. 2003;77(9):5295–5304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinberg DH, Ketner G. Adenoviral early region 4 is required for efficient viral DNA replication and for late gene expression. J Virol. 1986;57(3):833–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Guimet D, Hearing P. The adenovirus L4-33K protein regulates both late gene expression patterns and viral DNA packaging. J Virol. 2013;87(12):6739–6747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimet D, Hearing P. The adenovirus L4-22K protein has distinct functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression and encapsidation of the viral genome. J Virol. 2013;87(13):7688–7699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KP, Weaver C. Basic concepts in immunology. In: Janeway’s Immunobiology. 9th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2017:1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen EK, Nemerow GR, Smith JG. Direct evidence from single-cell analysis that human α-defensins block adenovirus uncoating to neutralize infection. J Virol. 2010;84(8):4041–4049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JG, Nemerow GR. Mechanism of adenovirus neutralization by human alpha-defensins. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3(1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcedo R, Vandenberghe LH, Roy S, Somanathan S, Wang L, Wilson JM. Host immune responses to chronic adenovirus infections in human and nonhuman primates. J Virol. 2009;83(6):2623–2631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint SJ, Enquist LW, Racaniello VR, Skalka AM. Immune defenses. In: Principles of Virology. Vol 2. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2009:86–132.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy KP, Travers P, Walport M. Basic concepts in immunology. In: Janeway’s Immunobiology. 7th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2008:1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Chintakuntlawar AV, Zhou X, Rajaiya J, Chodosh J. Viral capsid is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern in adenovirus keratitis. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(4):e1000841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawata N, Selva KJ, Liu YC, et al. Dynamic change in natural killer cell type in the human ocular mucosa in situ as means of immune evasion by adenovirus infection. Mucosal Immunol. 2016;9(1):159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray P, Rosenthal K, Pfaller M. Adenoviruses. In: Medical Microbiology. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2016:418–424.
   Google Scholar
• Sumida SM, Truitt DM, Lemckert AA, et al. Neutralizing antibodies to adenovirus serotype 5 vaccine vectors are directed primarily against the adenovirus hexon protein. J Immunol. 2005;174(11):7179–7185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KP, Weaver, C. The humoral immune response. In: Janeway’s Immunobiology. 9th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2017:399–444.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy KP, Weaver C. T-cell-mediated immunity. In: Janeway’s Immunobiology. 9th ed. New York: Garland Science; 2017:345–398.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey SA, Romanowski EG, Yates KA, Gordon YJ. Adenovirus-directed ocular innate immunity: the role of conjunctival defensin-like chemokines (IP-10, I-TAC) and phagocytic human defensin-α. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(10):3657–3665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgert HG, Ruzsics Z, Obermeier S, Hilgendorf A, Windheim M, Elsing A. Subversion of host defense mechanisms by adenoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2002;269:273–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahr JA, Gooding LR. Immune evasion by adenoviruses. Immunol Rev. 1999;168:121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard GT, Sen GC. Effects of adenovirus E1A protein on interferon-signaling. Virology. 1996;224(1):25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold WS, Doronin K, Toth K, Kuppuswamy M, Lichtenstein DL, Tollefson AE. Immune responses to adenoviruses: viral evasion mechanisms and their implications for the clinic. Curr Opin Immunol. 1999;11(4):380–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesokhin AM, Delgado-Lopez F, Horwitz MS. Inhibition of chemokine expression by adenovirus early region three (E3) genes. J Virol. 2002;76(16):8236–8243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Kang J, Friedman J, et al. Identification of a cell protein (FIP-3) as a modulator of NF-κB activity and as a target of an adenovirus inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(3):1042–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooding LR, Sofola IO, Tollefson AE, Duerksen-Hughes P, Wold WS. The adenovirus E3–14.7K protein is a general inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytolysis. J Immunol. 1990;145(9):3080–3086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei M, Liu Y, Samuel CE. Adenovirus VAI RNA antagonizes the RNA-editing activity of the ADAR adenosine deaminase. Virology. 1998;245(2):188–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vivier E, Tomasello E, Baratin M, Walzer T, Ugolini S. Functions of natural killer cells. Nat Immunol. 2008;9(5):503–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McSharry BP, Burgert HG, Owen DP, et al. Adenovirus E3/19K promotes evasion of NK cell recognition by intracellular sequestration of the NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related proteins A and B. J Virol. 2008;82(9):4585–4594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelvink PW, Lizonova A, Lee JG, et al. The coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor protein can function as a cellular attachment protein for adenovirus serotypes from subgroups A, C, D, E, and F. J Virol. 1998;72(10):7909–7915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pache L, Venkataraman S, Reddy VS, Nemerow GR. Structural variations in species B adenovirus fibers impact CD46 association. J Virol. 2008;82(16):7923–7931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Liaw YC, Stone D, et al. Identification of CD46 binding sites within the adenovirus serotype 35 fiber knob. J Virol. 2007;81(23):12785–12792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson BD, Reiter DM, Marttila M, et al. Adenovirus type 11 binding alters the conformation of its receptor CD46. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007;14(2):164–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold WS, Toth K. Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy, vaccination and cancer gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther. 2013;13(6):421–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Angelo LJ, Hierholzer JC, Keenlyside RA, Anderson LJ, Martone WJ. Pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 4: report of a swimming pool-related outbreak with recovery of virus from pool water. J Infect Dis. 1979;140(1):42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko H, Suzutani T, Aoki K, et al. Epidemiological and virological features of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis due to new human adenovirus type 54 in Japan. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(1):32–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giladi N, Herman J. Pharyngoconjunctival fever. Arch Dis Child. 1984;59(12):1182–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon YJ, Aoki K, Kinchington PR. Adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis. In: Pepose JS, Holland GN, Wilhelmus KR, editors. Ocular Infection and Immunity. St Louis: Mosby; 1996:877–894.
   Google Scholar
• Darougar S, Grey RH, Thaker U, McSwiggan DA. Clinical and epidemiological features of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis in London. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983;67(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laibson PR. Ocular adenoviral infections. Int Ophthalmo Clin. 1984;24(2):49–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bialasiewicz A, Brehler R, Draeger J, Schmitz H. Mathematical modelling of epidemics under specific regard of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Eur J Med Res. 2008;13(8):355–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt AL, Chodosh J. Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis in a tertiary care eye clinic. Cornea. 2006;25(2):199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey J, Henry R, Minnich L, Lamson DM, St George K. Notes from the field: health care-associated outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis – West Virginia, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(14):382–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaramoorthy R, Dhodapkar R, Kaliaperumal S, Harish BN. Outbreak of adenovirus serotype 8 keratoconjunctivitis in Puducherry, South India: a molecular epidemiological study. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2016;10(4):449–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton JC, Miller S. Magnetic resonance imaging in epidemic adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(8):960–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee S, Zhou X, Rajaiya J, Chodosh J. Ultrastructure of adenovirus keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(1):472–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaiya J, Sadeghi N, Chodosh J. Specific NFκB subunit activation and kinetics of cytokine induction in adenoviral keratitis. Mol Vis. 2009;15:2879–2889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingel NJ, Casser L. Diseases of the cornea. In: Bartlett JD, Jaanus SD, editors. Clinical Ocular Pharmacology. 4th ed. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann; 2001:673–700.
   Google Scholar
• Kurna SA, Altun A, Oflaz A, Arsan AK. Evaluation of the impact of persistent subepithelial corneal infiltrations on the visual performance and corneal optical quality after epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2015;93(4):377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodosh J, Astley RA, Butler MG, Kennedy RC. Adenovirus keratitis: a role for interleukin-8. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(3):783–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodosh J. Human adenovirus type 37 and the BALB/c mouse: progress toward a restricted adenovirus keratitis model (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2006;104:346–365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiao J, Chodosh J. JNK regulates MCP-1 expression in adenovirus type 19-infected human corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46(10):3777–3782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye SB, Lloyd M, Williams H, et al. Evidence for persistence of adenovirus in the tear film a decade following conjunctivitis. J Med Virol. 2005;77(2):227–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson JA, Darougar S, McSwiggan DA, Thaker U. Comparative sensitivity of a cultural test and the complement fixation test in the diagnosis of adenovirus ocular infection. Br J Ophthalmol. 1979;63(9):617–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin XH, Ishii A, Aoki K, Ishida S, Mukasa K, Ohno S. Detection of human adenovirus hexon antigen using carbon nanotube sensors. J Virol Methods. 2011;171(2):405–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caliendo AM, Gilbert DN, Ginocchio CC, et al. Better tests, better care: improved diagnostics for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(Suppl 3):S139–S170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambursky R, Tauber S, Schirra F, Kozich K, Davidson R, Cohen EJ. The RPS adeno detector for diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(10):1758–1764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman HE. Adenovirus advances: new diagnostic and therapeutic options. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2011;22(4):290–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambursky R, Trattler W, Tauber S, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the AdenoPlus test for diagnosing adenoviral conjunctivitis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131(1):17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller MP, Siddiqui N, Ivancic R, Wong D. Adenovirus-related epidemic keratoconjunctivitis outbreak at a hospital-affiliated ophthalmology clinic. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(5):581–583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alai N. Enhancing best practices in ophthalmology for prevention of nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis infections. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016;32(10):1757–1758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Rusenberg B, Loderstadt U, Richard G, Kaulfers PM, Gesser C. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: the current situation and recommendations for prevention and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(27):475–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guide to infection prevention for outpatient settings: minimum expectations for safe care. 2016. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hai/settings/outpatient/outpatient-care-guidelines.html. Accessed April 28, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Jernigan JA, Lowry BS, Hayden FG, et al. Adenovirus type 8 epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in an eye clinic: risk factors and control. J Infect Dis. 1993;167(6):1307–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinchington PR, Romanowski EG, Jerold Gordon Y. Prospects for adenovirus antivirals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(4):424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement C, Capriotti JA, Kumar M, et al. Clinical and antiviral efficacy of an ophthalmic formulation of dexamethasone povidone-iodine in a rabbit model of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Inves Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(1):339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillenkamp J, Reinhard T, Ross RS, et al. The effects of cidofovir 1% with and without cyclosporin A 1% as a topical treatment of acute adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis: a controlled clinical pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(5):845–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Kadonosono K, Uchio E. Antiadenoviral effects of ganciclovir in types inducing keratoconjunctivitis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014;8:315–320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naesens L, Lenaerts L, Andrei G, et al. Antiadenovirus activities of several classes of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):1010–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth K, Ying B, Tollefson AE, et al. Valganciclovir inhibits human adenovirus replication and pathology in permissive immunosuppressed female and male Syrian hamsters. Viruses. 2015;7(3):1409–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying B, Tollefson AE, Spencer JF, et al. Ganciclovir inhibits human adenovirus replication and pathogenicity in permissive immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(12):7171–7181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbara KF, Jarade EF. Ganciclovir effects in adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(4):S579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwanegbo EC, Romanowski EG, Gordon YJ, Gambotto A. Efficacy of topical immunoglobulins against experimental adenoviral ocular infection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(9):4171–4176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolino K, Sande J, Perez E, et al. Eradication of disseminated adenovirus infection in a pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipient using the novel antiviral agent CMX001. J Clin Virol. 2011;50(2):167–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimley MS, Chemaly RF, Englund JA, et al. Brincidofovir for asymptomatic adenovirus viremia in pediatric and adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a randomized placebo-controlled phase II trial. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(3):512–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth K, Tollefson AE, Spencer JF, Ying B, Wold WS. Combination therapy with brincidofovir and valganciclovir against species C adenovirus infection in the immunosuppressed Syrian hamster model allows for substantial reduction of dose for both compounds. Antiviral Res. 2017;146:121–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuchtinger T, Matthes-Martin S, Richard C, et al. Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2006;134(1):64–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandvliet ML, Falkenburg JH, van Liempt E, et al. Combined CD8+ and CD4+ adenovirus hexon-specific T cells associated with viral clearance after stem cell transplantation as treatment for adenovirus infection. Haematologica. 2010;95(11):1943–1951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feuchtinger T, Richard C, Joachim S, et al. Clinical grade generation of hexon-specific T cells for adoptive T-cell transfer as a treatment of adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J Immunother. 2008;31(2):199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier JS, Stewart K, Trattler W, et al. A combination povidone-iodine 0.4%/dexamethasone 0.1% ophthalmic suspension in the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Adv Ther. 2009;26(8):776–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovalyuk N, Kaiserman I, Mimouni M, et al. Treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis with a combination of povidone-iodine 1.0% and dexamethasone 0.1% drops: a clinical prospective controlled randomized study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2017;95(8):e686–e692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinger E, Trivizki O, Shachar Y, Levinger S, Verssano D. Topical 0.03% tacrolimus for subepithelial infiltrates secondary to adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252(5):811–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrisimovic M, Kneidinger D, Lion T, Klein R. An adenoviral vector-based expression and delivery system for the inhibition of wild-type adenovirus replication by artificial microRNAs. Antiviral Res. 2013;97(1):10–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikitenko NA, Speiseder T, Lam E, et al. Regulation of human adenovirus replication by RNA interference. Acta Naturae. 2015;7(3):100–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar