Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae

References

• Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(1):1–12. doi:10.1086/59501119035777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health UDo, Control HSJCfD. Prevention. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States. 2013;2013.
   Google Scholar
• Shlaes DM, Sahm D, Opiela C, Spellberg B. chemotherapy. Commentary: the FDA reboot of antibiotic development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(10):4605-4607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot GH, Bradley J, Edwards JE Jr, Gilbert D, Scheld M, Bartlett JG. Bad bugs need drugs: an update on the development pipeline from the antimicrobial availability task force of the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(5):657–668. doi:10.1086/49981916447111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenover FC, McGowan JE Jr. Reasons for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Am J Med Sci. 1996;311(1):9–16.8571988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold HS, Moellering RC Jr. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(19):1445–1453. doi:10.1056/NEJM1996110733519078875923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeannot K, Bolard A, Plésiat PJI. Resistance to polymyxins in gram-negative organisms. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;49(5):526–535. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.02928163137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron S, Hadjadj L, Rolain J-M, Olaitan AO. Molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: knowns and unknowns. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(6):583–591. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.06.02327524102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirel L, Jayol A, Nordmann P. Polymyxins: antibacterial activity, susceptibility testing, and resistance mechanisms encoded by plasmids or chromosomes. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(2):557–596. doi:10.1128/CMR.00064-1628275006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahav D, Farbman L, Leibovici L, Paul M. Colistin: new lessons on an old antibiotic. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(1):18–29. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03734.x22168320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon RA, Chopra I. Leakage of periplasmic proteins from Escherichia coli mediated by polymyxin B nonapeptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;29(5):781–788.3015004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialvaei AZ, Samadi Kafil H. Colistin, mechanisms and prevalence of resistance. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31(4):707–721. doi:10.1185/03007995.2015.101898925697677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, et al. Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(9):589–601. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70580-116931410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK, Saravolatz LD. Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(9):1333–1341. doi:10.1086/42932315825037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas S, Brunel J-M, Dubus J-C, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Rolain J-M. Colistin: an update on the antibiotic of the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012;10(8):917–934. doi:10.1586/eri.12.7823030331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capone A, Giannella M, Fortini D, et al. High rate of colistin resistance among patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection accounts for an excess of mortality. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(1):E23–E30. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.1207023137235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-Y, Ko KS. Mutations and expression of PmrAB and PhoPQ related with colistin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;78(3):271–276. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.11.02724412662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialvaei AZ, Kafil HS, Asgharzadeh M, Yousef Memar M, Yousefi M. Current methods for the identification of carbapenemases. J Chemother. 2016;28(1):1–19. doi:10.1179/1973947815Y.000000006326256147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa K, Marchaim D, Divine GW, et al. Growing prevalence of Providencia stuartii associated with the increased usage of colistin at a tertiary health care center. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(9):e646–e648. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.102922818111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samonis G, Korbila I, Maraki S, et al. Trends of isolation of intrinsically resistant to colistin Enterobacteriaceae and association with colistin use in a tertiary hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(9):1505–1510. doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2097-824798249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghapour Z, Hasani A, Aghazadeh M, et al. Genes involved in colistin resistance of gram-negative isolates in the northwest of Iran. Gene Rep. 2019;14:81–86. doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2018.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Nation RL, Milne RW, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K. Evaluation of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;25(1):11–25. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.10.00115620821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan T, Ng S. The in-vitro activity of colistin in gram-negative bacteria. Singapore Med J. 2006;47(7):621.16810437
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bialvaei AZ, Kouhsari E, Salehi-Abargouei A, et al. Epidemiology of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Chemother. 2017;29(6):327–337. doi:10.1080/1120009X.2017.133837728622734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giamarellou H, Poulakou G. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections. Drugs. 2009;69(14):1879–1901. doi:10.2165/11315690-000000000-0000019747006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gales AC, Jones R, Sader HS. Global assessment of the antimicrobial activity of polymyxin B against 54 731 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance programme (2001–2004). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(4):315–321. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01351.x16524407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gales AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Contemporary activity of colistin and polymyxin B against a worldwide collection of gram-negative pathogens: results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (2006–09). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(9):2070–2074. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr23921715434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaara M. Polymyxins and their novel derivatives. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010;13(5):574–581. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2010.09.00220869908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muyembe T, Vandepitte J, Desmyter J. Natural colistin resistance in Edwardsiella tarda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1973;4(5):521–524.4791485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimizu S, Iyobe S, Mitsuhashi S. Inducible high resistance to colistin in Proteus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977;12(1):1–3.883810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialvaei AZ, Kafil HS, Asgharzadeh M. Role of treatment cost on transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis into Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):1029–1030. doi:10.1093/cid/civ45926060290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman D, Georgescu C, Martin DA, Quale J. Polymyxins revisited. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(3):449–465. doi:10.1128/CMR.00006-0818625681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nation RL, Li J. Colistin in the 21st century. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22(6):535. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328332e67219797945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengoechea JA, Skurnik M. Temperature‐regulated efflux pump/potassium antiporter system mediates resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides in Yersinia. Mol Microbiol. 2000;37(1):67–80.10931306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos MA, Vargas MA, Regueiro V, Llompart CM, Albertí S, Bengoechea JA. Capsule polysaccharide mediates bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Infect Immun. 2004;72(12):7107–7114. doi:10.1128/IAI.72.12.7107-7114.200415557634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla E, Llobet E, Doménech-Sánchez A, Martínez-Martínez L, Bengoechea JA, Albertí S. Klebsiella pneumoniae AcrAB efflux pump contributes to antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(1):177–183. doi:10.1128/AAC.00715-0919858254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Bae IK, Lee H, Jeong SH, Yong D, Lee K. In vivo emergence of colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates of sequence type 357 during colistin treatment. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79(3):362–366. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.02724809861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito-Kagawa M, Koyama Y. Selective cleavage of a peptide antibiotic, colistin by colistinase. J Antibiot. 1980;33(12):1551–1555.7019177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidorczyk Z, Zähringer U, Rietschel ET. Chemical structure of the lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharide from a Proteus mirabilis Re-mutant. Eur J Biochem. 1983;137(1‐2):15–22.6360683
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boll M, Radziejewska-Lebrecht J, Warth C, Krajewska-Pietrasik D, Mayer H. 4-Amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose in LPS of enterobacterial R-mutants and its possible role for their polymyxin reactivity. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1994;8(4):329–341.8061656
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aquilini E, Merino S, Knirel YA, Regué M, Tomás JM. Functional identification of Proteus mirabilis eptC gene encoding a core lipopolysaccharide phosphoethanolamine transferase. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6689–6702. doi:10.3390/ijms1504668924756091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy AJ, Liu H, Falla TJ, Gunn JS. Identification of Proteus mirabilisMutants with increased sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(7):2030–2037. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.7.2030-2037.200111408219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang -S-S, Liu M-C, Teng L-J, Wang W-B, Hsueh P-R, Liaw S-J. Proteus mirabilis pmrI, an RppA-regulated gene necessary for polymyxin B resistance, biofilm formation, and urothelial cell invasion. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(4):1564–1571. doi:10.1128/AAC.01219-0920123999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W-B, Chen I-C, Jiang -S-S, et al. Role of RppA in the regulation of polymyxin b susceptibility, swarming, and virulence factor expression in Proteus mirabilis. Infect Immun. 2008;76(5):2051–2062. doi:10.1128/IAI.01557-0718316383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin QY, Tsai Y-L, Liu M-C, Lin W-C, Hsueh P-R, Liaw S-J. Serratia marcescens arn, a PhoP-regulated locus necessary for polymyxin B resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(9):5181–5190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaitan AO, Morand S, Rolain J-M. Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: acquired and intrinsic resistance in bacteria. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:643. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.0054725505462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-Y, Choi M-J, Choi HJ, Ko KS. Preservation of acquired colistin resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(1):609–612. doi:10.1128/AAC.01574-1526459897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair JM, Webber MA, Baylay AJ, Ogbolu DO, Piddock LJ. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015;13(1):42. doi:10.1038/nrmicro338025435309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Matthaiou DK. Resistance to polymyxins: mechanisms, frequency and treatment options. Drug Resist Updat. 2010;13(4–5):132–138. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2010.05.00220843473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayol A, Nordmann P, Brink A, Poirel L. Heteroresistance to colistin in Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with alterations in the PhoPQ regulatory system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(5):2780–2784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannatelli A, D’Andrea MM, Giani T, et al. In vivo emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae producing KPC-type carbapenemase mediated by insertional inactivation of the PhoQ/PhoP mgrB regulator. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(11)5521–5526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y-H, Lin T-L, Lin Y-T, Wang J-T. Amino acid substitutions of CrrB responsible for resistance to colistin through CrrC in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(6):3709–3716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannatelli A, Giani T, D’Andrea MM, et al. MgrB inactivation is a common mechanism of colistin resistance in KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of clinical origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(10):5696–5703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu -Y-Y, Wang Y, Walsh TR, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(2):161–168. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-726603172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier BB, Lammens C, Ruhal R, et al. Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(27):30280. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280
   Google Scholar
• Gunn JS. The Salmonella PmrAB regulon: lipopolysaccharide modifications, antimicrobial peptide resistance and more. Trends Microbiol. 2008;16(6):284–290. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.03.00718467098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z, Ribeiro AA, Lin S, Cotter RJ, Miller SI, Raetz CR. Lipid a modifications in polymyxin resistant Salmonella typhimurium: PmrA dependent 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose and phosphoethanolamine incorporation. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(46):43111–43121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander IM, Kilpeläinen I, Vaara M. Increased substitution of phosphate groups in lipopolysaccharides and lipid A of the polymyxin-resistant pmrA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium: a 31P-NMR study. Mol Microbiol. 1994;11(3):481–487.8152372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatzeva-Topalova PZ, May AP, Sousa MC. Structure and mechanism of ArnA: conformational change implies ordered dehydrogenase mechanism in key enzyme for polymyxin resistance. Structure. 2005;13(6):929–942. doi:10.1016/j.str.2005.03.01815939024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan A, Guan Z, Raetz CR. An undecaprenyl phosphate-aminoarabinose flippase required for polymyxin resistance in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:36077–36089. doi:10.1074/jbc.M70617220017928292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves PR, Hobbs M, Valvano MA, et al. Bacterial polysaccharide synthesis and gene nomenclature. Trends Microbiol. 1996;4(12):495–503.9004408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhee JB, Lewenza S, Hancock RE. Cationic antimicrobial peptides activate a two-component regulatory system, PmrA-PmrB, that regulates resistance to polymyxin B and cationic antimicrobial peptides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol. 2003;50(1):205–217.14507375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn JS, Miller SI. PhoP-PhoQ activates transcription of pmrAB, encoding a two-component regulatory system involved in Salmonella typhimurium antimicrobial peptide resistance. J Bacteriol. 1996;178(23):6857–6864.8955307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz SM, Ernst RK, Miller SI. PmrAB, a two-component regulatory system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that modulates resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and addition of aminoarabinose to lipid A. J Bacteriol. 2004;186(2):575–579.14702327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordmann P, Jayol A, Poirel L. Rapid detection of polymyxin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(6):1038. doi:10.3201/eid2206.15184027191712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannatelli A, Di Pilato V, Giani T, et al. In vivo evolution to colistin resistance by PmrB sensor kinase mutation in KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with low-dosage colistin treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(8):4399–4403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y-H, Lin T-L, Pan Y-J, Wang Y-P, Lin Y-T, Wang J-T. Colistin-resistant mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(5):2909–2913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diene SM, Merhej V, Henry M, et al. The rhizome of the multidrug-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes genome reveals how new “killer bugs” are created because of a sympatric lifestyle. Mol Biol Evol. 2012;30(2):369–383. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss23623071100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaitan AO, Dia NM, Gautret P, et al. Acquisition of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-and colistin-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype newport by pilgrims during Hajj. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(6):600–604. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.01025769786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groisman EA. The pleiotropic two-component regulatory system PhoP-PhoQ. J Bacteriol. 2001;183(6):1835–1842. doi:10.1128/JB.183.6.1835-1842.200111222580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SY, Groisman EA. Signal-specific temporal response by the S almonella PhoP/PhoQ regulatory system. Mol Microbiol. 2014;91(1):135–144. doi:10.1111/mmi.1244924256574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu W, Yang F, Kang X, et al. First structure of the polymyxin resistance proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;361(4):1033–1037. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.14417686460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng H-Y, Chen Y-F, Peng H-L. Molecular characterization of the PhoPQ-PmrD-PmrAB mediated pathway regulating polymyxin B resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. J Biomed Sci. 2010;17(1):60. doi:10.1186/1423-0127-17-7420653976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YK, Lee J-Y, Ko KS. Transcriptomic analysis of colistin-susceptible and colistin-resistant isolates identifies genes associated with colistin resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(8):765.e761–765. e767. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi ZA, Hittle LE, O’hara JA, et al. Colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: beyond carbapenem resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1295–1303. doi:10.1093/cid/civ04825632010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi M-J, Ko KS. Mutant prevention concentrations of colistin for Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;69(1):275–277. doi:10.1093/jac/dkt31523997018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaitan AO, Diene SM, Kempf M, et al. Worldwide emergence of colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae from healthy humans and patients in Lao PDR, Thailand, Israel, Nigeria and France owing to inactivation of the PhoP/PhoQ regulator mgrB: an epidemiological and molecular study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(6):500–507. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.02025264127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaitan AO, Thongmalayvong B, Akkhavong K, et al. Clonal transmission of a colistin. Microb Drug Resist. 2014;20:310–315. doi:10.1089/mdr.2013.019324475919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippa AM, Goulian M. Feedback inhibition in the PhoQ/PhoP signaling system by a membrane peptide. PLoS Genet. 2009;5(12):e1000788. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.100078820041203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirel L, Jayol A, Bontron S, et al. The mgrB gene as a key target for acquired resistance to colistin in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;70(1):75–80. doi:10.1093/jac/dku32325190723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaibani P, Lombardo D, Lewis RE, et al. In vitro activity and post-antibiotic effects of colistin in combination with other antimicrobials against colistin-resistant KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(7):1856–1865. doi:10.1093/jac/dku06524648503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giani T, Arena F, Vaggelli G, et al. Large nosocomial outbreak of colistin-resistant KPC carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae by clonal expansion of an mgrB deletion mutant. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(10):3341–3344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright MS, Suzuki Y, Jones MB, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of colistin-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae reveal multiple pathways of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(1):536–543. doi:10.1128/AAC.04037-1425385117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman EX, Hufnagel DA, Weiss DS. MCR-1 confers cross-resistance to lysozyme. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(11):1226–1227. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30395-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasman H, Hammerum AM, Hansen F, et al. Detection of mcr-1 encoding plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from human bloodstream infection and imported chicken meat, Denmark 2015. Eurosurveillance. 2015;20(49). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.49.30085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin-Guyomard A, Bruneau M, Houée P, et al. Prevalence of mcr-1 in commensal Escherichia coli from French livestock, 2007 to 2014. Eurosurveillance. 2016;21(6):1–3. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.6.30135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao X, Doi Y, Zeng L, Lv L, Liu J-H. Carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli co-producing NDM-9 and MCR-1. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):288–289. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00057-826842777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra-Kumar S, Xavier BB, Das AJ, et al. Colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 isolated from food animals in Hanoi, Vietnam. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):286–287. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00014-126774248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurfuh K, Poirel L, Nordmann P, Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Hächler H, Stephan R. Occurrence of the plasmid-borne mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in river water and imported vegetable samples in Switzerland. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(4):2594–2595. doi:10.1128/AAC.00066-1626883696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quesada A, Ugarte-Ruiz M, Iglesias MR, et al. Detection of plasmid mediated colistin resistance (MCR-1) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from poultry and swine in Spain. Res Vet Sci. 2016;105:134–135. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.02.00327033921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battisti A. Antibiotic resistance—Italy: colistin, MCR-1, E. coli, turkeys, 2014. Available from: http://www.poultrymed.com/Poultrymed/Templates/showpage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=178&FID=1868&PID=0&IID=30269. Accessed April 4, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Shen Z, Wang Y, Shen Y, Shen J, Wu C. Early emergence of mcr-1 in Escherichia coli from food-producing animals. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):293. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30197-926973308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnahriry SS, Khalifa HO, Soliman AM, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in a clinical Escherichia coli isolate from Egypt. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3249–3250. doi:10.1128/AAC.00269-1626953204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doumith M, Godbole G, Ashton P, et al. Detection of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene conferring colistin resistance in human and food isolates of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli in England and Wales. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(8):2300–2305. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw09327090630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport M, Faccone D, Pasteran F, et al. First description of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance in human infections caused by Escherichia coli in Latin America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(7):4412–4413. doi:10.1128/AAC.00573-1627090181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CY, Ang GY, Chin PS, Ngeow YF, Yin W-F, Chan K-G. Emergence of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli in Malaysia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(6):504. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.00427208898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falgenhauer L, Waezsada S-E, Yao Y, et al. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacteria in Germany. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):282–283. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00009-826774242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreten V, Strauss C, Collaud A, Gerber D. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli in South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(7):4414–4415. doi:10.1128/AAC.00548-1627161625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirel L, Nordmann P. Emerging plasmid-encoded colistin resistance: the animal world as the culprit? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(8):2326–2327. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw07427029849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haenni M, Poirel L, Kieffer N, et al. Co-occurrence of extended spectrum β lactamase and MCR-1 encoding genes on plasmids. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):281–282. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00007-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du H, Chen L, Tang Y-W, Kreiswirth BN. Emergence of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(3):287–288. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00056-626842776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin W, Li H, Shen Y, et al. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Escherichia coli. MBio. 2017;8(3):e00543–00517. doi:10.1128/mBio.00543-1728655818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carattoli A, Villa L, Feudi C, et al. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016. Eurosurveillance. 2017;22(31). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borowiak M, Fischer J, Hammerl JA, Hendriksen RS, Szabo I, Malorny B. Identification of a novel transposon-associated phosphoethanolamine transferase gene, mcr-5, conferring colistin resistance in d-tartrate fermenting Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi B. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(12):3317–3324. doi:10.1093/jac/dkx32728962028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbuOun M, Stubberfield EJ, Duggett NA, et al. mcr-1 and mcr-2 variant genes identified in Moraxella species isolated from pigs in Great Britain from 2014 to 2015. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(10):2745–2749. doi:10.1093/jac/dkx28629091227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y-Q, Li Y-X, Lei C-W, Zhang A-Y, Wang H-N. Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-7.1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(7):1791–1795. doi:10.1093/jac/dky11129912417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, et al. Emergence of a novel mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-8, in NDM-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018;7(1):122. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0124-z29970891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieffer N, Nordmann P, Poirel L. Moraxella species as potential sources of MCR-like polymyxin-resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(6):e00129-17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurfluh K, Tasara T, Poirel L, Nordmann P, Stephan R. Draft genome sequence of Escherichia coli S51, a chicken isolate harboring a chromosomally encoded mcr-1 gene. Genome Announc. 2016;4(4):e00796–00716. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00796-1627491979
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Majumdar S, Yu J, Fookes M, et al. Elucidation of the RamA regulon in Klebsiella pneumoniae reveals a role in LPS regulation. PLoS Pathog. 2015;11(1):e1004627. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.100462725633080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raetz CR, Guan Z, Ingram BO, et al. Discovery of new biosynthetic pathways: the lipid A story. J Lipid Res. 2009;50(Supplement):S103–S108. doi:10.1194/jlr.R800060-JLR20018974037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llobet E, Tomás JM, Bengoechea JA. Capsule polysaccharide is a bacterial decoy for antimicrobial peptides. Microbiology. 2008;154(12):3877–3886. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2008/022301-019047754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formosa C, Herold M, Vidaillac C, Duval R, Dague E. Unravelling of a mechanism of resistance to colistin in Klebsiella pneumoniae using atomic force microscopy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(8):2261–2270. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv11826017037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacour S, Doublet P, Obadia B, Cozzone AJ, Grangeasse C. A novel role for protein-tyrosine kinase Etk from Escherichia coli K-12 related to polymyxin resistance. Res Microbiol. 2006;157(7):637–641. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2006.01.00316814990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacour S, Bechet E, Cozzone AJ, Mijakovic I, Grangeasse C, Sonenshein AL. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli is at the crossroads of colanic acid synthesis and polymyxin resistance. PLoS One. 2008;3(8):e3053. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.000305318725960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers JR, Sauer K. The MerR-like regulator BrlR impairs Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm tolerance to colistin by repressing PhoPQ. J Bacteriol. 2013;195(20):4678–4688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan VB, Rajamohan G. KpnEF, a new member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon is a SMR-type efflux pump involved in broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(9):4449–4462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra‐Lopez C, Baer MT, Groisman EA. Molecular genetic analysis of a locus required for resistance to antimicrobial peptides in Salmonella typhimurium. Embo J. 1993;12(11):4053–4062.8223423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni W, Li Y, Guan J, et al. Effects of efflux pump inhibitors on colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3215–3218. doi:10.1128/AAC.00248-1626953203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallel H, Bahloul M, Hergafi L, et al. Colistin as a salvage therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria in the ICU. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;28(4):366–369. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.07.00816971093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batirel A, Balkan I, Karabay O, et al. Comparison of colistin–carbapenem, colistin–sulbactam, and colistin plus other antibacterial agents for the treatment of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(8):1311–1322. doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2070-624532009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrosillo N, Chinello P, Proietti M, et al. Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: clinical outcome and adverse events. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(8):682–683. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01198.x16008625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saballs M, Pujol M, Tubau F, et al. Rifampicin/imipenem combination in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58(3):697–700. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl27416895941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Hernández M-J, Pachón J, Pichardo C, et al. Imipenem, doxycycline and amikacin in monotherapy and in combination in Acinetobacter baumannii experimental pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;45(4):493–501.10747827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobieszczyk ME, Furuya EY, Hay CM, et al. Combination therapy with polymyxin B for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54(2):566–569. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh36915269195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad F, Van Horn K, Carbonaro C, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Wormser GJE, Diseases I. Evaluation of antibiotic combinations against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii using the E-test. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24(8):577–579. doi:10.1007/s10096-005-1366-y16133416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko W-C, Lee H-C, Chiang S-R, et al. In vitro and in vivo activity of meropenem and sulbactam against a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(2):393–395.14729739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dizbay M, Tozlu DK, Cirak MY, Isik Y, Ozdemir K, Arman DJT. In vitro synergistic activity of tigecycline and colistin against XDR-Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antibiot. 2010;63(2):51.19942947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayol A, Poirel L, Brink A, et al. Resistance to colistin associated to a single amino acid change in protein PmrB among Klebsiella pneumoniae of worldwide origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(8):4762–4766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olaitan AO, Morand S, Rolain J-M. Emergence of Colistin-Resistant Bacteria in Humans without Colistin Usage: A New Worry and Cause for Vigilance. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(6):600–604.
   Google Scholar
• Kang KN, Klein DR, Kazi MI, et al. Colistin heteroresistance in Enterobacter cloacae is mediated by PmrAB-independent 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose addition to lipid A. bioRxiv. 2019;11:516872.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson L, Horsman SR, Charron-Mazenod L, et al. Extracellular DNA-induced antimicrobial peptide resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol. 2013;13(1):115.23705831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng K-J, Doi Y, Patil S, Huang X, Tian G-BJ. chemotherapy. Emergence of the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene in colistin-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(6):3862–3863. doi:10.1128/AAC.00345-1626976876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X-P, Fang L-X, Jiang P, et al. Emergence of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in Citrobacter freundii. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017;49(6):786–787.28433744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Graells C, De Keersmaecker SC, Vanneste K, et al. Detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance, mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes, in Salmonella spp. Isolated from food at retail in Belgium from 2012 to 2015. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2018;15(2):114–117. doi:10.1089/fpd.2017.232929182477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litrup E, Kiil K, Hammerum AM, Roer L, Nielsen EM, Torpdahl MJE. Plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Salmonella isolates from human infections, Denmark, 2009–17. Eurosurveillance. 2017;22(31).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretto E, Brovarone F, Nardini P, et al. Detection of mcr-4 positive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in clinical isolates of human origin, Italy, October to November 2016. Eurosurveillance. 2018;23(2):17–00821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavda B, Lv J, Hou M, et al. Coidentification of mcr-4.3 and blaNDM-1 in a clinical Enterobacter cloacae isolate from China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(10):e00649–00618. doi:10.1128/AAC.00649-1830038043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda A, Sato T, Shinagawa M, et al. High prevalence of mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-5 in Escherichia coli derived from diseased pigs in Japan. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51(1):163–164. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.01029180277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar