Emerging therapies for Clostridium difficile infection – focus on fidaxomicin

References

• CohenSHGerdingDNJohnsonSSociety for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaClinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol201031543145520307191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BartlettJGTaylorNSChangTDzinkJClinical and laboratory observations in Clostridium difficile colitisAm J Clin Nutr198033Suppl 11252125267435423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeorgeWLRolfeRDFinegoldSMClostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditionsJ Clin Microbiol1982156104910537107838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KellyCPPothoulakisCLaMontJTClostridium difficile colitisN Engl J Med199433042572628043060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LucadoJGouldCElixhauserAClostridium Difficile Infections (CDI) in Hospital Stays, 2009. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Statistical Brief #124Rockville, MDAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality2012 Available from: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb124.pdfAccessed April 29, 2013
   Google Scholar
• RafiFSutherlandJBCernigliaCEEffects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microfloraTher Clin Risk Manag2008461343135819337440
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SunXSavidgeTFengHThe enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficileToxins (Basel)2010271848188022069662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StarrJMImpallomeniMRisk of diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile and cefotaxime in the elderlyBiomed Pharmacother199751263679161469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarcMCDepitreCCorthierGCollignonASuWJBourliouxPEffects of antibiotics and other drugs on toxin production in Clostridium difficile in vitro and in vivoAntimicrob Agents Chemother1992366133213351416834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LessaFCGouldCVMcDonaldLCCurrent status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiologyClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S65S7022752867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BartlettJGThe case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infectionClin Infect Dis200846101489149218419480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MullaneKMMillerMAWeissKEfficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infectionsClin Infect Dis201153544044721844027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BauerMPKuijperEJvanDissel JTEuropean Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesEuropean Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)Clin Microbiol Infect200915121067107919929973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)Am J Infect Control199523287947639408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-NassirWNSethiAKLiYPultzMJRiggsMMDonskeyCJBoth oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diseaseAntimicrob Agents Chemother20085272403240618443120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZarFABakkanagariSRMoorthiKMDavisMBA comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severityClin Infect Dis200745330230717599306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LouieTJGMGrimardDJohnsonSPoirierAWeissKTolevamer Study GroupResults of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea [abstact K-425a]2007
   Google Scholar
• AslamSHamillRJMusherDMTreatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategiesLancet Infect Dis20055954955716122678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BainesSDO’ConnorRFreemanJEmergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in Clostridium difficileJ Antimicrob Chemother20086251046105218693234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RupnikMWilcoxMHGerdingDNClostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesisNat Rev Microbiol20097752653619528959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoltonRPCulshawMAFaecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic associated colitis due to Clostridium difficileGut19862710116911723781329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LouieTJMillerMAMullaneKMOPT-80-003 Clinical Study GroupFidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infectionN Engl J Med2011364542243121288078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CornelyOACrookDWEspositoROPT-80-004 Clinical Study GroupFidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trialLancet Infect Dis201212428128922321770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PatinoHSCLouieTBernardoPFriedlandICDI Study GroupEfficacy and safety of the lipopeptide CB-183,315 for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection [Abstract K-205a]Proceedings of the 51st Internatl Congr Antimicr Ag ChemotherSeptember 17–20, 2011Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• JohnsonSRecurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomesJ Infect200958640341019394704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlandLVElmerGWSurawiczCMBreaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile diseaseAm J Gastroenterol20029771769177512135033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MullaneKMGorbachSFidaxomicin: first-in-class macrocyclic antibioticExpert Rev Anti Infect Ther20119776777721810048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParentiFPaganiHBerettaGLipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. I. Description of the producer strain and fermentation studiesJ Antibiot (Tokyo)19752842472521150527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TheriaultRJKarwowskiJPJacksonMTiacumicins, a novel complex of 18-membered macrolide antibiotics. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and antibacterial activityJ Antibiot (Tokyo)19874055675743610815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldsteinEJCitronDMSearsPBabakhaniFSambolSPGerdingDNComparative susceptibilities to fidaxomicin (OPT-80) of isolates collected at baseline, recurrence, and failure from patients in two phase III trials of fidaxomicin against Clostridium difficile infectionAntimicrob Agents Chemother201155115194519921844318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BiedenbachDJRossJEPutnamSDJonesRNIn vitro activity of fidaxomicin (OPT-80) tested against contemporary clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus sppAntimicrob Agents Chemother20105452273227520308391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoronelliCWhiteRJLanciniGCParentiFLipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. II. Isolation, chemical, biological and biochemical characterizationJ Antibiot (Tokyo)1975284253259807545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeddonJSPPreliminary OPT-80 Mode of Action StudiesOptimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Report Number BIO090203A2003
   Google Scholar
• SergioSPiraliGWhiteRParentiFLipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes III. Mechanism of actionJ Antibiot (Tokyo)1975287543549807550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SrivastavaATalaueMLiuSNew target for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase: ‘switch region’Curr Opin Microbiol201114553254321862392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SearsPBFCitronDMTyping and Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from the OPT-80 (PAR-101) Phase 2A Study for C. difficile-associated Diarrhea. [Poster]9th Biennial Congress of the Anaerobe Society of the AmericasLong Beach, CA2008
   Google Scholar
• CrookDWWalkerASKeanYStudy 003/004 TeamsFidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: meta-analysis of pivotal randomized controlled trialsClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S93S10322752871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MullaneKGYCrookDCornelyOAMillerMLouieTGorbachSRenal Impairment and Response to Fidaxomicin versus Vancomycin in Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection [abstract]Proceedings of the 49th Annual Infectious Diseases Society of America MeetingOctober 20–23, 2011Boston MA
   Google Scholar
• CornelyOAMMFantinBMullaneKKeanYGorbachSClostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in cancer patients treated with fidaxomicin or vancomycinProceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Abstract #9067June 1–5, 2012Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• CornelyOAMMFantinBMullaneKKeanYGorbachSClinical outcomes for cancer patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) Poster 2289Proceedings of the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesMarch 31–April 3, 2012London, UK
   Google Scholar
• LouieTJMillerMACrookDWEffect of age on treatment outcomes in Clostridium difficile infectionJ Am Geriatr Soc201361222223023379974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonAPDrug evaluation: OPT-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibioticCurr Opin Investig Drugs200782168173
   Google Scholar
• BabakhaniFGomezARobertNSearsPPostantibiotic effect of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficileAntimicrob Agents Chemother20115594427442921709084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SearsPLouieTMullaneKMPharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of fidaxomicin in treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)Proceedings of the 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC)September 12–15, 2009San Francisco, CA
   Google Scholar
• LouieTMillerMDonskeyCMullaneKGoldsteinEJClinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of OPT-80 in a phase 2 trial with patients with Clostridium difficile infectionAntimicrob Agents Chemother200953122322818955525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OkumuFWRSearsPShueYKSafety and Pharmacokinetics of OPT-80, a novel antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD)Proceedings of the 44th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC)October 30–November 2, 2004Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• SearsPCrookDWLouieTJMillerMAWeissKFidaxomicin attains high fecal concentrations with minimal plasma concentrations following oral administration in patients with Clostridium difficile infectionClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S116S12022752859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIFICID® [prescribing information]San Diego, CAOptimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc52011 Data on File. Clinical Study Report OPT-80-004 Final. June 4, 2010. Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Data on File. Clinical Study Report OPT-80-003 Final. June 17, 2010 (Version 2). Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Available from: http://www.drugs.com/comments/fidaxomicin/dificid.htmlAccessed April 29, 2013
   Google Scholar
• TannockGWMunroKTaylorCA new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycinMicrobiology2010156Pt 113354335920724385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NerandzicMMMullaneKMillerMABabakhaniFDonskeyCJReduced acquisition and overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Candida species in patients treated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infectionClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S121S12622752860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LouieTJCannonKByrneBFidaxomicin preserves the intestinal microbiome during and after treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and reduces both toxin reexpression and recurrence of CDIClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S132S14222752862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BabakhaniFBouillautLSearsPSimsCGomezASonensheinALFidaxomicin inhibits toxin production in Clostridium difficileJ Antimicrob Chemother201368351552223208832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BabakhaniFBouillautLGomezASearsPNguyenLSonensheinALFidaxomicin inhibits spore production in Clostridium difficileClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S162S16922752866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIFICID ™ oral tablets, fidaxomicin oral tablets [prescribing information]San Diego, CAOptimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc2011
   Google Scholar
• MillerMAMKWeissKLentnekAFaster time to resolution of diarrhea with fidaxomicin vs vancomycin in patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) [abstract]Proceedings of the 47th Annual Infectious Diseases Society of America MeetingOctober 29–November 1, 2009Philadelphia, PA
   Google Scholar
• Drugs.comUser reviews for Dificid [webpage on the Internet]Drugs.com2012 Available from: http://www.drugs.com/comments/fidaxomicin/dificid.htmlAccessed December 28, 2012
   Google Scholar
• MusherDMLoganNHamillRJNitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitisClin Infect Dis200643442142716838229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MusherDMLoganNBresslerAMJohnsonDPRossignolJFNitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind studyClin Infect Dis2009484e41e4619133801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GareyKWJiangZDBellardADupontHLRifaximin in treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an uncontrolled pilot studyJ Clin Gastroenterol2009431919318385603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RubinDTSohiSGlatharMThomasTYadronNSurmaBLRifaximin is effective for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: results of an open-label pilot studyGastroenterol Res Pract2011201110697822114587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonSSchrieverCGalangMKellyCPGerdingDNInterruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximinClin Infect Dis200744684684817304459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonSSchrieverCPatelUPatelTHechtDWGerdingDNRifaximin Redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatmentAnaerobe200915629029119698797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelsonRLKelseyPLeemanHAntibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adultsCochrane Database Syst Rev20119CD00461021901692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CitronDMMerriamCVTyrrellKLWarrenYAFernandezHGoldsteinEJIn vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteriaAntimicrob Agents Chemother20034772334233812821492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DudleyMNMcLaughlinJCCarringtonGFrickJNightingaleCHQuintilianiROral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. A randomized double-blind trialArch Intern Med19861466110111043521518
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LarsonKCBelliveauPPSpoonerLMTigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infectionAnn Pharmacother2011457–81005101021730279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WulltMOdenholtIA double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoeaJ Antimicrob Chemother200454121121615163651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NorenTWulltMAkerlundTBäckEOdenholtIBurmanLGFrequent emergence of resistance in Clostridium difficile during treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acidAntimicrob Agents Chemother20065093028303216940098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FarverDKHedgeDDLeeSCRamoplanin: a lipoglycodepsipeptide antibioticAnn Pharmacother200539586386815784805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FreemanJBainesSDJabesDWilcoxMHComparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycin-induced Clostridium difficile infectionJ Antimicrob Chemother200556471772516143709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PullmanJPrietoJLeachTSRamoplanin vs vancomycin in the treatment of C difficile diarrhea: a phase 2 study [abstract K-985a]Proceedings of the 44th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and ChemotherapyOctober 30–November 2, 2004Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• CornelyOACurrent and emerging management options for Clostridium difficile infection: what is the role of fidaxomicin?Clin Microbiol Infect201218Suppl 6283523121552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VenugopalAAJohnsonSCurrent state of Clostridium difficile treatment optionsClin Infect Dis201255Suppl 2S71S7622752868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SnydmanDRJacobusNVMcDermottLAActivity of a novel cyclic lipopeptide, CB-183,315, against resistant Clostridium difficile and other Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic intestinal pathogensAntimicrob Agents Chemother20125663448345222391542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MascioCTMortinLIHowlandKTIn vitro and in vivo characterization of CB-183,315, a novel lipopeptide antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficileAntimicrob Agents Chemother201256105023503022802252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaitoTKimuraSTatedaKEvidence of intravenous immunoglobulin as a critical supportive therapy against Clostridium difficile toxin-mediated lethality in miceJ Antimicrob Chemother20116651096109921393125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilcoxMHDescriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoeaJ Antimicrob Chemother200453588288415073160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JuangPSkledarSJZgheibNKClinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrheaAm J Infect Control200735213113717327194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeungDYKellyCPBoguniewiczMPothoulakisCLaMontJTFloresATreatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxinJ Pediatr19911184 Pt 16336371901084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbougergiMSKwonJHIntravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a reviewDig Dise Sci20115611926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LowyIMolrineDCLeavBATreatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxinsNew Engl J Med2010362319720520089970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.govA study of MK-3415, MK-6072, and MK-3415A in participants receiving antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (MK-3415A-001 AM2) (MODIFY I)ClinicalTrials.gov2013 Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT1241552Accessed April 29, 2013
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.govA study of MK-6072 and MK-3415A in participants receiving antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (MK-3415A-002) (MODIFY II)ClinicalTrials.gov2013 Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT1513239Accessed April 29, 2013
   Google Scholar
• HussackGArbabi-GhahroudiMvan FaassenHNeutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin A with single-domain antibodies targeting the cell receptor binding domainJ Biol Chem2011286118961897621216961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorodyTJWarrenEFLeisSMSuraceRAshmanOSiarakasSBacteriotherapy using fecal flora: toying with human motionsJ Clin Gastroenterol200438647548315220681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KhannaSPardiDSClostridium difficile infection: new insights into managementMayo Clin Proc201287111106111723127735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BakkenJSBorodyTBrandtLJFecal Microbiota Transplantation WorkgroupTreating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantationClin Gastroenterol Hepatol20119121044104921871249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoughEShaikhHMangesARSystematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infectionClin Infect Dis20115310994100222002980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van NoodEVriezeANieuwdorpMDuodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficileN Engl J Med2013368540741523323867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VidelockEJCremoniniFMeta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoeaAliment Pharmacol Ther201235121355136922531096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedmanGThe role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitisGastroenterol Clin North Am201241476377923101686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnstonBCMaSSGoldenbergJZProbiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysisAnn Intern Med20121571287888823362517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HempelSNewberrySJMaherARProbiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysisJAMA2012307181959196922570464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FogliaGShahSLuxemburgerCPietrobonPJClostridium difficile: development of a novel candidate vaccineVaccine201230294307430922682287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FolgiaGACAM-CDIFF: An active vaccine against Clostridium difficile infectionProceedings of the 10th Anaerobe Society of the AmericasJuly 7–10, 2010
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.govStudy of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine (ACAM-CDIFF™) in subjects with Clostridium difficile infection [webpage on the Internet]ClinicalTrials.gov2012 Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT0772343Accessed April 29, 2013
   Google Scholar
• CappellettiERomanoMRCakiciOSConjugate vaccine against Clostridium difficileGlycoconjugate Journal201128265
   Google Scholar
• DanieliELayLProiettiDBertiFCostantinoPAdamoRFirst synthesis of C. difficile PS-II cell wall polysaccharide repeating unitOrg Lett201113337838121190352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OberliMAHechtMLBindschädlerPAdibekianAAdamTSeebergerPHA possible oligosaccharide-conjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenicChem Biol201118558058821609839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MerriganMMSambolSPJohnsonSGerdingDNNew approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: colonisation with non-toxigenic C. difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administrationInt J Antimicrob Agents200933Suppl 1S46S5019303570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.govSafety and efficacy of VP20621 for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection [webpage on the Internet]ClinicalTrials.gov2012 Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT1259726Accessed April 29, 2013
   Google Scholar
• CornelyOAMillerMALouieTJTreatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycinClinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America8201255Suppl 2S15416122752865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar