The Antimicrobial Activity of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Niosomes against Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and Biofilm-Forming Staphylococcus aureus

References

• Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):603–661. doi:10.1128/CMR.00134-1426016486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatoon Z, McTiernan CD, Suuronen EJ, Mah TF, Alarcon EI. Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Heliyon. 2018;4(12):e01067. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e0106730619958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao G, Hochwalt PC, Usui ML, et al. Delayed wound healing in diabetic (db/db) mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm challenge: a model for the study of chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2010;18(5):467–477. doi:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2010.00608.x20731798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S.: Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Khan TM, Kok YL, Bukhsh A, et al. Incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in burn intensive care unit: a systematic review. Germs. 2018;8(3):113–125. doi:10.18683/germs.2018.113830250830
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boswihi SS, Udo EE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an update on the epidemiology, treatment options and infection control. Curr Med Res Pract. 2018;8(1):18–24. doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2018.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Sharma D, Misba L, Khan AU. Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):76. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0533-331131107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM, Blaser M, Carrs O. Discovery research: the scientific challenge of finding new antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(9):1941–1944. doi:10.1093/jac/dkr26221700626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto RM, Lopes-de-Campos D, Martins MCL, Van Dijck P, Nunes C, Reis S. Impact of nanosystems in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms treatment. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2019;43(6):622–641. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuz02131420962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugazhendhi A, Kumar SS, Manikandan M, Saravanan M. Photocatalytic properties and antimicrobial efficacy of Fe doped CuO nanoparticles against the pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Microb Pathog. 2018;122:84–89. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.06.01629894807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharbavi M, Amani J, Kheiri-Manjili H, Danafar H, Sharafi A. Niosome: a promising nanocarrier for natural drug delivery through blood-brain barrier. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2018;2018:6847971.30651728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazeni E, Gilani K, Sotoudegan F, et al. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of ciprofloxacin containing niosomes for pulmonary delivery. J Microencapsul. 2010;27(7):618–627. doi:10.3109/02652048.2010.50657920681747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satish J, Amusa AS, Gopalakrishna P. In vitro activities of fluoroquinolones entrapped in non-ionic surfactant vesicles against ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria strains. J Pharm Technol Drug Resr. 2012;1(1):5. doi:10.7243/2050-120X-1-5
   Google Scholar
• Akbari V, Abedi D, Pardakhty A, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Ciprofloxacin nano-niosomes for targeting intracellular infections: an in vitro evaluation. J Nanopart Res. 2013;15(4):1556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat HS, Kassem MA, El-Khordagui LK, Khalafallah NM. Vancomycin-eluting niosomes: a new approach to the inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm on abiotic surfaces. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;15(5):1263–1274. doi:10.1208/s12249-014-0141-824895077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelaziz AA, Elbanna TE, Sonbol FI, Gamaleldin NM, El Maghraby GM. Optimization of niosomes for enhanced antibacterial activity and reduced bacterial resistance: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;12(2):163–80.25135453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests; approved standard 11th In: CLSI Document M02-A11. Wayne, Pennsylvania: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• CLSI. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests f or bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard Ninth In: CLSI Document M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 27th In: CLSI Supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x21793988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, et al. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22(6):996–1006. doi:10.1128/JCM.22.6.996-1006.19853905855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manandhar S, Singh A, Varma A, Pandey S, Shrivastava N. Evaluation of methods to detect in vitro biofilm formation by staphylococcal clinical isolates. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):714. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3820-930305150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasr RA, AbuShady HM, Hussein HS. Biofilm formation and presence of icaAD gene in clinical isolates of staphylococci. Egypt J Med Hum Genet. 2012;13(3):269–274. doi:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2012.04.007
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed HB, El-Shanawany SM, Hamad MA, Elsabahy M. Niosomes: a strategy toward prevention of clinically significant drug incompatibilities. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6340. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06955-w28740102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green MR, Sambrook J. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Horii T, Suzuki Y, Monji A, et al. Detection of mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions in levofloxacin- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: effects of the mutations on fluoroquinolone MICs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;46(2):139–145. doi:10.1016/S0732-8893(03)00037-312812718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boovaragamoorthy GM, Anbazhagan M, Piruthiviraj P, et al. Clinically important microbial diversity and its antibiotic resistance pattern towards various drugs. J Infect Public Health. 2019;12(6):783–788. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2019.08.00831542335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duin D, Paterson DL. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in the community: trends and lessons learned. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(2):377–390. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.00427208764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemian A, Najar Peerayeh S, Bakhshi B, Mirzaee M. Several virulence factors of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from hospitalized patients in Tehran. Int J Enteric Pathog. 2015;3(2). doi:10.17795/ijep25196
   Google Scholar
• Al-Amery K, Elhariri M, Elsayed A, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel meat and slaughterhouse workers in Egypt. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):129. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0585-431404199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed A, Ahsan F, Nawaz M, Iqbal K, Rehman KU, Ijaz T. Incidence of vancomycin resistant phenotype of the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Antibiotics. 2019;9(1):3. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9010003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo P, Lim C, Chye S, Kiong Ling A, Koh R. Niosomes: a review of their structure, properties, methods of preparation, and medical applications. Asian Biomed. 2018;11(4):301–314. doi:10.1515/abm-2018-0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daraee H, Etemadi A, Kouhi M, Alimirzalu S, Akbarzadeh A. Application of liposomes in medicine and drug delivery. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44(1):381–391. doi:10.3109/21691401.2014.95363325222036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Zhao F, Li N, Yang Y, Li K. Studies on a high encapsulation of colchicine by a niosome system. Int J Pharm. 2002;244(1–2):73–80. doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(02)00301-012204566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka T, Sternberg B, Florence AT. Preparation and properties of vesicles (niosomes) of sorbitan monoesters (Span 20, 40, 60 and 80) and a sorbitan triester (Span 85). Int J Pharm. 1994;105(1):1–6. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(94)90228-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manosroi A, Khanrin P, Lohcharoenkal W, et al. Transdermal absorption enhancement through rat skin of gallidermin loaded in niosomes. Int J Pharm. 2010;392(1–2):304–310. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.06420381599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulavik MC, Barg NL. Examination of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus mutants with low-level fluoroquinolone resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(12):3317–3319. doi:10.1128/AAC.42.12.33179835538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manandhar S, Singh A, Varma A, Pandey S, Shrivastava N. Biofilm producing clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates augmented prevalence of antibiotic resistant cases in tertiary care hospitals of Nepal. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2749. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.0274930538678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neopane P, Nepal HP, Shrestha R, Uehara O, Abiko Y. In vitro biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds of hospital-admitted patients and their association with antimicrobial resistance. Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:25–32. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S15326829403304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar