Increased Virological Failure and Determinants Among HIV Patients on Highly Active Retroviral Therapy in Adigrat General Hospital, Northern Ethiopia, 2019: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

References

• Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office. HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia. An Epidemiological Synthesis. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Government Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Country Progress Report on the HIV Response. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR. Clinical Guidelines for Antiretroviral Therapy Management for Displaced Populations Southern Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: Southern African HIV Clinicians Society; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• UNECA. HIV/AIDS Progress in 2014. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: World Health Organization Ethiopia Country Office; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Churchill D, Waters L, Ahmed N, et al. British HIV association guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy. Br HIV Assoc. 2015;17(4):2–104.
   Google Scholar
• AIDS. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• NACO. ART Guidelines for HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nded. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2016 Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/arv/arv-2016/en/. Accessed 11, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Deeks SG. Determinants of virological response to antiretroviral therapy: implications for long-term strategies. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(2):177–184. doi:10.1086/313855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liégeois F, Vella C, Eymard-Duvernay S, Eam KK. Virological failure rates and HIV-1 drug resistance patterns in patients on first-line antiretroviral treatment in semirural and rural Gabon. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15(2):s17985. doi:10.7448/IAS.15.2.17985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabar S, Pradier C, Corfec EL. Factors associated with clinical and virological failure in patients receiving a triple therapy including a protease inhibitor. AIDS. 2000;14(2):141–149. doi:10.1097/00002030-200001280-0000910708284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parienti JJ, Massari VR, Descamps D, et al. Predictors of virological failure and resistance in HIV-infected patients treated with nevirapine- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(9):1311–1316. doi:10.1086/38357215127346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupérez M, Pou C, Maculuve S. Determinants of virological failure and antiretroviral drug resistance in Mozambique. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2639–2647. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv14326084302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sang RK, Miruka FO. Factors associated with virological failure amongst adults on antiretroviral therapy in Nyanza Region, Kenya. IOSR J Dent Med Sci. 2016;15(7):108–121. doi:10.9790/0853-15076108121
   Google Scholar
• Jobanputra K, Parker LA, Azih C, et al. Factors associated with virological failure and suppression after enhanced adherence counselling, in children, adolescents and adults on antiretroviral therapy for HIV in Swaziland. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0116144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.011614425695494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang S, Shen Z, Yan J. Low virological failure and drug resistance among HIV-infected patients receiving hospital-based ART while care and outreach through community in Guangxi, China. Front Public Health. 2015;3:244. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.0024426579506
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuo Z, Liang S, Sun X. Drug resistance and virological failure among HIV-infected patients after a decade of antiretroviral treatment expansion in eight provinces of China. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0166661. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.016666127997554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gizachew A, Belay T, Anteneh A, Getachew F, Gizachew Y. Prevalence and associated factors of treatment failure among HIV/AIDS patients on HAART attending University of Gondar Referral Hospital Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Immunol. 2018;19:37. doi:10.1186/s12865-018-0278-430558580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS. Thirty years of HIV and AIDS: future challenges and opportunities. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(11):766–771. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-154-11-201106070-0034521628350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanser F, Bärnighausen T, Grapsa E, Zaidi J, Newell M-L. High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV acquisition in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Science. 2013;339(6122):966–971. doi:10.1126/science.122816023430656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks S, Lewin S, Havlir D. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. Lancet Diabetes Endo. 2013;382:1525–1533.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy RA, Sunpath H, Kuritzkes DR, Venter F, Gandhi RT. Antiretroviral therapy-associated toxicities in the resource-poor world: the challenge of a limited formulary. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(3):449–456. doi:10.1086/521112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan K, Khan AH, Sulaiman SA, Soo CT. Survival trend and impact of adverse drug reactions during haart on survival function in HIV/AIDS patients. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91(s236):17–34. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouton JP, Mehta U, Parrish AG, et al. Mortality from adverse drug reactions in adult medical inpatients at four hospitals in South Africa: a cross-sectional survey. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80(4):818–826. doi:10.1111/bcp.1256725475751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosperi MC, Fabbiani M, Fanti I, et al. Predictors of first-line antiretroviral therapy discontinuation due to drug-related adverse events in HIV-infected patients: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):296. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-29623145925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz I, Kaplan R, Fitzmaurice G, et al. Treatment guidelines and early loss from care for people living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(11):1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud-Théry F, Nguimfack BD, Vitoria M. Use of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited countries in 2006: distribution and uptake of first- and second-line regimens. AIDS Behav. 2007;21(4):89–95. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000279711.54922.f0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Ending AIDS: Progress Towards the 90- 90-90targets; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Nachega JB, Sam-Agudu NA, Mofenson LM, Schechter M, Mellors JW. Achieving viral suppression in 90% of people living with human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy in Low- and Middle-income Countries: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(10):1487–1491. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy00829324994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trickey A, May MT, Vehreschild JJ, et al. Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: a collaborative analysis of cohort studies. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:349–356. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30066-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Population. City Population. Adigrat: Adigrat City municipality Accessed 1028, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. World health organizaion. Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/art/WHO_CG_table_7.15.pdf. Accessed 1224, 2019 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hailu GG, Hagos DG, Hagos AK, Wasihun AG, Dejene TA, Paraskevis D. Virological and immunological failure of HAART and associated risk factors among adults and adolescents in the Tigray region of Northern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.019625929715323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulu A, Maier M, Liebert UG. Low incidence of HIV-1C acquired drug resistance 10 years after the rollout of antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0141318. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014131826512902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokretsion G, Endalkachew N, Getachew K. HIV/AIDS treatment failure and its determinant factors among first line HAART patients at Felege-Hiwot referral hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. J AIDS Clin Res. 2017;8(11):4.
   Google Scholar
• Yirdaw KD, Hattingh S, Paraskevis D. Prevalence and predictors of immunological failure among HIV patients on HAART in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0125826. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.012582625961732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAMPHIA. Zambia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment, ZAMPHIA: 2015–2016. Summary Sheet: Preliminary Findings. New York: PHIA Project; 2016 Available from: https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/ZAMBIA-Factsheet.
   Google Scholar
• Project PHIA. Tanzania HIV Impact Survey 2016–2017. New York: PHIA Project; 2017 Available from: https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2017/11/Tanzania_SummarySheet_A4.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Malawi. Malawi Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment, MPHIA: 2015–2016. Summary Sheet: Preliminary Findings. New York: PHIA Project; 2016 Availabele from: https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MALAWI-Factsheet.
   Google Scholar
• Rawizza HE, Chaplin B, Meloni ST, Eisen G, Rao T, Sankalé JL. Immunologic criteria are poor predictors of virologic outcome: implications for HIV treatment monitoring in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(12):1283–1290. doi:10.1093/cid/cir72922080121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutevedzi PC, Lessells RJ, Rodger AJ, Newell M-L, Myer L. Association of age with mortality and virological and immunological response to antiretroviral therapy in rural south African adults. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21795. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002179521747959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds SJ, Nakigozi G, Newell K, et al. Failure of immunologic criteria to appropriately identify antiretroviral treatment failure in Uganda. AIDS (London, England). 2009;23(6):697. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283262a78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamya M, Mayanja-Kizza H, Kambugu A, et al. Predictors of long-term viral failure among ugandan children and adults treated with antiretroviral therapy. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46(2):187–193. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31814278c017693883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von-Braun A, Sekaggya-Wiltshire C, Scherrer A, et al. Early virological failure and HIV drug resistance in Ugandan adults co-infected with tuberculosis. AIDS Res Ther. 2017;14:1–6. doi:10.1186/s12981-016-0128-528086929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gare J, Kelly-Hanku A, Ryan CE, et al. Factors influencing antiretroviral adherence and virological outcomes in people living with HIV in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134918. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.013491826244516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang P, Tan J, Ma W, et al. Outcomes of antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected adults: a dynamic and observational cohort study in Shenzhen, China, 2003–2014. BMJ Open. 2015;5(5):e007508. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khienprasit N, Chaiwarith R, Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K. Incidence and risk factors of antiretroviral treatment failure in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients at Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand. AIDS Res Ther. 2011;8:42. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-8-4222060823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojha CR, Shakya G, Dumre SP. Virological and immunological status of the people living with HIV/AIDS Undergoing ART treatment in Nepal. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:6817325. doi:10.1155/2016/681732527547761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barennes H, Guillet S, Limsreng S, et al. Virological failure and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among naive and antiretroviral pre-treated patients entering the ESTHER program of Calmette Hospital in Cambodia. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105736. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.010573625166019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdissa A, Yilma D, Fonager J, et al. Drug resistance in HIV patients with virological failure or slow virological response to antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:181. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-18124708645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayalew M, Kumilachew D, Belay A, et al. First-line antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors in HIV patients at the University of Gondar Teaching Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, Nz). 2016;8:141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penot P, He’ma A, Bado G, et al. The vulnerability of men to virologic failure during antiretroviral therapy in a public routine clinic in Burkina Faso. JIAS. 2014;17:18646. doi:10.7448/IAS.17.1.18646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meriki HD, Tufon KA, Afegenwi MH, et al. Immuno-haematologic and virologic responses and predictors of virologic failure in HIV-1 infected adults on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty. 2014;3(1):5. doi:10.1186/2049-9957-3-524479873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan AS, Nabwera HM, Mwaringa SM, et al. HIV-1 virologic failure and acquired drug resistance among first-line antiretroviral experienced adults at a rural HIV clinic in coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Res Ther. 2014;11:9. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-11-924456757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loubet P, Charpentier C, Visseaux B, et al. Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance among patients failing first-line ART in Monrovia, Liberia: a cross-sectional study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(6):1881–1884. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv03025698771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makadzange AT, Higgins-Biddle M, Chimukangara B, et al. Clinical, virologic, immunologic outcomes and emerging HIV drug resistance patterns in children and adolescents in public ART care in Zimbabwe. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144057. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014405726658814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mgelea EM, Kisenge R, Aboud S. Detecting virological failure in HIV-infected Tanzanian children. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(10):696–699. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.780725363057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadhani HO, Thielman NM, Landman KZ, et al. Predictors of incomplete adherence, virologic failure, and antiviral drug resistance among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania. CID. 2007;45:1492–1498. doi:10.1086/522991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nlend AE, Lyeb S, Moyo ST. A.N. M. Viral monitoring and prevalence of viral failure in HIV-1 infected children under first line antiretroviral therapy during the first 60 months of treatment in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a serial cross-sectional analysis. Open J Pediatr. 2016;6:69–74. doi:10.4236/ojped.2016.61012
   Google Scholar
• Barry O, Powell J, Renner L, et al. Effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy and correlates of longitudinal changes in CD4 and viral load among HIV-infected children in Ghana. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:476. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-47624119088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salou M, Dagnra AY, Butel C, et al. High rates of virological failure and drug resistance in perinatally HIV-1-infected children and adolescents receiving lifelong antiretroviral therapy in routine clinics in Togo. JIAS. 2016;19:20683. doi:10.7448/IAS.19.1.20683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De-la Hoz J, Bolaño L, Cárdenas O, et al. Charactrization of treatment failure in HIV positive patients in the Colombian Caribbean region. Colomb Med. 2014;45(4):s162–s167. doi:10.25100/cm.v45i4.1566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja K, Chandrasekar C, Krishnarajasekhar OR, et al. Predicting virological failure with immunological criteria in first line ART patients in a resource poor setting. World J AIDS. 2014;4:413–421. doi:10.4236/wja.2014.44049
   Google Scholar
• Jorge AR, Jorge PB, Elsa GL, et al. Risk factors associated with virologic failure in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at a public hospital in Perus. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2013;30(1):42–48. doi:10.4067/S0716-1018201300010000623450408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waruru A, Muttai H, Ng’ang’a L, et al. Positive predictive value of the WHO clinical and immunologic criteria to predict viral load failure among adults on first, or second-line antiretroviral therapy in Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158881. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.015888127383834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puthanakit T, Kerr S, Ananworanich J, Bunupuradah T, Boonrak P, Sirisanthana V. Pattern and predictors of immunologic recovery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J Clin North Am. 2009;28(6):488–492. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318194eea6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeleke A. Prevalence of antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors in HIV infected children on HAART at Gondar University Hospital, retrospective cohort study. Int J Med Med Sci. 2016;8(11):125–132. doi:10.5897/IJMMS2015.1164
   Google Scholar
• Teshome W, Tefera A. Detection of immunological treatment failure among HIV infected patients in Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Immunol. 2015;16:55. doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0120-126376828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teshome Y, Yalew A. Magnitude and predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure in private health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126026. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.012602625946065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izudi J, Alioni S, Kerukadho E, Ndungutse D. Virological failure reduced with HIV- serostatus disclosure, extra baseline weight and rising CD4 cells among HIV-positive adults in northwestern Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;18(8). doi:10.1186/s12879-12016-11952-x
   Google Scholar
• Duggal S, Chugh TD, Duggal AK. HIV and malnutrition: effects on immune system. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:1–8. doi:10.1155/2012/784740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterham M, Brown D, Garsia R. Nutritional management of HIV/AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review. Australian J Nut Diet. 2001;1:211–223.
   Google Scholar
• Bulage L, Ssewanyana I, Nankabirwa V, et al. Factors associated with virological non-suppression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda, August 2014-July 2015. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):326. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2428-328468608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Wood R, Kaplan R, Bekker L-G, Lawn SD, Polis MA. Prevalent and incident tuberculosis are independent risk factors for mortality among patients accessing antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55824. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.005582423418463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Khatib Z, Ekstrom AM, Ledwaba J, et al. Viremia and drug resistance among HIV-1 patients on antiretroviral treatment: a cross-sectional study in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS (London, England). 2010;24(11):1679–1687. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a097b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assemie MA, Alene M, Ketema DB, Mulatu S. Treatment failure and associated factors among first line patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Health Res Policy. 2019;4:32. doi:10.1186/s41256-019-0120-431687474
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakravarty J, Sundar S, Chourasia A, et al. Outcome of patients on second line antiretroviral therapy under programmatic condition in India. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):517. doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1270-826572102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belete B, Amare T, Abera B, Yohannes A, Terefe D, Destaw F. Determinants of virological failure among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a case–control study. HIV AIDS. 2017;9:153–159. doi:10.2147/HIV.S139516
   Google Scholar
• Mariana V, Ana R, Elisabeth C. Factors associated with early virological response in HIV-infected individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in Brazil (2014–2015): results from a large HIV surveillance cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;78(4):19–28. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negash H, Legese H, Tefera M, et al. The effect of tuberculosis on immune reconstitution among HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Adigrat general hospital, eastern Tigrai, Ethiopia; 2019: a retrospective follow up study. BMC Immunol. 2019;20(1):45. doi:10.1186/s12865-019-0327-731805857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. HIV Drug Resistance Fact Sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2011 Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/facts/WHD2011-HIVdr-fs-final.pdf. Accessed 1230, 2019.
   Google Scholar