Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Urine IL-8 Levels Predict the Type of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

References

• Petty NK, Ben Zakour NL, Stanton-Cook M, et al. Global dissemination of a multidrug resistant Escherichia coli clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(15):5694–5699. doi:10.1073/pnas.132267811124706808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitout JD, Nordmann P, Laupland KB, Poirel L. Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the community. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56(1):52–59. doi:10.1093/jac/dki16615917288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Baño J, Paterson DL. A change in the epidemiology of infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase—producing organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(7):935–937. doi:10.1086/50094516511755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris PN, Tambyah PA, Paterson DL. β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations in the treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae: time for a reappraisal in the era of few antibiotic options? Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(4):475–485. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70950-825716293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdan Z, Kubbara E, Adam AM, Hassan OS, Suliman SO, Adam I. Urinary tract infections and antimicrobial sensitivity among diabetic patients at Khartoum, Sudan. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2015;14(1):26. doi:10.1186/s12941-015-0082-425896611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahim MA, Mitra P, Haque A, et al. Urinary tract infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms is a risk factor for acute kidney injury among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med. 2017;19(1):40–43. doi:10.3329/jom.v19i1.34840
   Google Scholar
• Liu A, Bui T, Van Nguyen H, Ong B, Shen Q, Kamalasena D. Serum C-reactive protein as a biomarker for early detection of bacterial infection in the older patient. Age Ageing. 2010;39(5):559–565. doi:10.1093/ageing/afq06720573779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh N, Borrell JL, Evron J, Leeflang MM. Procalcitonin, C‐reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1:CD009185.25603480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SY, Lee IR, Park SJ, Kim JH, Shin JI. Usefulness of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in young children with febrile urinary tract infection. Korean J Pediatr. 2016;59(3):139–144. doi:10.3345/kjp.2016.59.3.13927186221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gökhan Ş, Tanrıverdi F, Günaydın GP, et al. Importance of thiol/disulfide homeostasis and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in diagnosing of urinary tract infections in the emergency department. Cyprus J Med Sci. 2019;4(1):19–23. doi:10.5152/cjms.2019.704
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tramma D, Hatzistylianou M, Gerasimou G, Lafazanis V. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in the urine of children with renal scarring. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27(9):1525–1530. doi:10.1007/s00467-012-2156-222527530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med. 1998;15(7):539–553. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S9686693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G* power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1149–1160. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.114919897823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denholtz M, Murre C RNA-seq profiling of the human neutrophil genome during PMA- and E. coli encounter-induced activation. Gene expression omnibus. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE126757. Accessed 529, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Hamoudi RA, Appert A, Ye H, et al. Differential expression of NF-κB target genes in MALT lymphoma with and without chromosome translocation: insights into molecular mechanism. Leukemia. 2010;24(8):1487–1497. doi:10.1038/leu.2010.11820520640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocks CJ, Phan M-D, Achard MES, et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli employs both evasion and resistance to subvert innate immune-mediated zinc toxicity for dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019;116(13):6341–6350. doi:10.1073/pnas.182087011630846555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig GM, Evans SJ, Brayshaw BJ. An inverse relationship between serum zinc and C-reactive protein levels in acutely ill elderly hospital patients. Postgrad Med J. 1990;66(782):1025–1028. doi:10.1136/pgmj.66.782.10252128123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Man P, Cläeson I, Johanson I, Jodal U, Svanborg Edén C. Bacterial attachment as a predictor of renal abnormalities in boys with urinary tract infection. J Pediatr. 1989;115(6):915–922. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(89)80742-52685219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundi H, Björkstén B, Svanborg C, Ohman L, Dahlgren C. Extracellular release of reactive oxygen species from human neutrophils upon interaction with Escherichia coli strains causing renal scarring. Infect Immun. 1991;59(11):4168–4172.1937773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borregaard N. Neutrophils, from marrow to microbes. Immunity. 2010;33(5):657–670. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.01121094463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:159–175.23435331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzoni F, Cassatella MA, Rossi F, Ceska M, Dewald B, Baggiolini M. Phagocytosing neutrophils produce and release high amounts of the neutrophil-activating peptide 1/interleukin 8. J Exp Med. 1991;173(3):771–774. doi:10.1084/jem.173.3.7711997655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Kuhnt-Moore S, Zeng H, Wu JS, Moyer MP, Pothoulakis C. Neurotensin stimulates IL-8 expression in human colonic epithelial cells through Rho GTPase-mediated NF-κB pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003;284(6):C1397–404. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00328.200212584113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandare SA, Chittawar S, Nahar N, Dubey TN, Qureshi Z. Study of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as novel marker for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(3):387–392. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_476_1628553592
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roilides E, Papachristou F, Gioulekas E, et al. Increased urine interleukin-6 concentrations correlate with pyelonephritic changes on 99m Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scans in neonates with urinary tract infections. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(3):904–907. doi:10.1086/31496010438391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu T, Weng Z, Pei C, et al. The relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medicine. 2017;96(45):e8289. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000000828929137012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine AR, Tran M, Shepherd J, Naut E. Utility of initial procalcitonin values to predict urinary tract infection. Am J Emerg Med. 2018;36(11):1993–1997. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.03.00129530360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuil SD, Hidad S, Fischer JC, et al. Sensitivity of point-of-care testing C reactive protein and procalcitonin to diagnose urinary tract infections in Dutch nursing homes: PROGRESS study protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e031269. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casqueiro J, Casqueiro J, Alves C. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: a review of pathogenesis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(Suppl1):S27–36. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.9425322701840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar