Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance, Serotype Distribution, and Genetic Characteristics of 164 Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae from North China Between April 2016 and October 2017

References

• Wahl B, O’Brien KL, Greenbaum A, et al. Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000–15. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(7):e744–57. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30247-X29903376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Deng W, Wang S-M, et al. Burden of pneumonia and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in China among children under 5 years of age: a systematic literature review. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27333. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.002733322110628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purba AK, Ascobat P, Muchtar A, et al. Multidrug-resistant infections among hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia in an Indonesian tertiary referral hospital. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:3663–3675. doi:10.2147/IDR.S21784231819549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olarte L, Kaplan SL, Barson WJ, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant pneumococcal serotype 35B among children in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(3):724–734. doi:10.1128/JCM.01778-1627847379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park M, Kim HS, Kim H-S, et al. Novel levofloxacin-resistant multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 11A isolates, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(11):1978–1980. doi:10.3201/eid2211.15145027767906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peian W. On the two-child policy in China. Popul Res. 2016;40:3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Geno KA, Gilbert GL, Song JY, et al. Pneumococcal capsules and their types: past, present, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):871–899. doi:10.1128/CMR.00024-1526085553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao C, Zhang F, Chu Y, et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristic of invasive pneumococcal isolates from both children and adult patients from a multicenter surveillance in China 2005–2011. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82361. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.008236124349263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block SL, Harrison CJ, Hedrick JA, et al. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns and antimicrobial management. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(9):751–759. doi:10.1097/00006454-199509000-000058559623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perniciaro S, Imöhl M, Fitzner C, van der Linden M, Sekaran SD. Regional variations in serotype distribution and vaccination status in children under six years of age with invasive pneumococcal disease in Germany. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210278–e0210278. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.021027830625215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzwater SP, Chandran A, Santosham M, Johnson HL. The worldwide impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal. Vaccine Rep. 2012;31:501–508.
   Google Scholar
• Wang M, Wang Y, Chu C, Tu T, Shiao A, Chou P. Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pediatric tympanostomy tube insertion in partial immunized population. Sci World J. 2015;2015:1–8. doi:10.1155/2015/248678
   Google Scholar
• Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis. 2017;201(1):32–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller E, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MPE, George RC. Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(10):760–768. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70090-121621466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarahomjoo S. Recent approaches in vaccine development against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Mol Microb Biotech. 2014;24(4):215–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests f or Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved St andard—Ninth Edition. CLSI Doc M07-A9. Wayne, PA: Clin Lab Stand Inst; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th ed. CLSI Supplement M100 Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Slotved H-C, Kaltoft M, Skovsted IC, Kerrn MB, Espersen F. Simple, rapid latex agglutination test for serotyping of pneumococci (Pneumotest-Latex). J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(6):2518–2522. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.6.2518-2522.200415184429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright MC, Spratt BG. A multilocus sequence typing scheme for Streptococcus pneumoniae: identification of clones associated with serious invasive disease. Microbiology. 1998;144(Pt 1):3049–3060. doi:10.1099/00221287-144-11-30499846740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore MR, Gertz REJ, Woodbury RL, et al. Population snapshot of emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in the United States, 2005. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(7):1016–1027. doi:10.1086/52899618419539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladstone RA, Lo SW, Lees JA, et al. International genomic definition of pneumococcal lineages, to contextualise disease, antibiotic resistance and vaccine impact. EBioMedicine. 2019;43:338–346. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.04.02131003929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Galanis I, Lindstrand A, Darenberg J, et al. Effects of PCV7 and PCV13 on invasive pneumococcal disease and carriage in Stockholm, Sweden. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1208–1218. doi:10.1183/13993003.01451-201526797033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiri T, Datta S, Madan J, et al. Indirect effects of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(1):e51–9. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30306-027955789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshy E, Murray J, Bottle A, Sharland M, Saxena S. Impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV7) programme on childhood hospital admissions for bacterial pneumonia and empyema in England: national time-trends study, 1997–2008. Thorax. 2010;65(9):770–774. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.13780220805169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR, Koornhof HJ, Robins-Browne RM, et al. Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med. 1978;299(14):735–740. doi:10.1056/NEJM19781005299140229219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares J, Ardanuy C, Pallares R, Fenoll A. Changes in antimicrobial resistance, serotypes and genotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae over a 30-year period. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(5):402–410. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03182.x20132251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin H, Dyar OJ, Rosales-Klintz S, et al. Trends and patterns of antibiotic consumption in Shanghai municipality, China: a 6 year surveillance with sales records, 2009–14. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(6):1723–1729. doi:10.1093/jac/dkw01326892776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley JS, Byington CL, Shah SS, et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53:e25–76. doi:10.1093/cid/cir53121880587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito S, Principi N. Impacts of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:1–6. doi:10.1155/2015/591580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(18):1737–1746. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa02282312724479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Direct and indirect effects of routine vaccination of children with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease–United States, 1998–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005;54(36):893–897.16163262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitney CG, Klugman KP. Vaccines as tools against resistance: the example of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2004;15(2):86–93. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2004.01.01115185191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao C, Li Z, Zhang F, et al. Serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from 17 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2016. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):804. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2880-029284419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar