340
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

HIV in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Can We Change the Way We Deal with Co-Infections

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 111-117 | Published online: 18 Jan 2021

References

  • WHO. Consolidated Strategic Information Guidelines for HIV in the Health Sector. WHO; 2015.
  • Aljumah AA, Babatin M, Hashim A, et al. Hepatitis B care pathway in Saudi Arabia: current situation, gaps and actions. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(2):73–80. doi:10.4103/sjg.SJG_421_1830720000
  • Singh KP, Crane M, Audsley J, Avihingsanon A, Sasadeusz J, Lewin SR. HIV-hepatitis B virus coinfection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. AIDS. 2017;31(15):2035–2052. doi:10.1097/QAD.000000000000157428692539
  • Alzahrani AJ. Analysis of HIV subtypes and the phylogenetic tree in HIV-positive samples from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2008;29(10):1394–1396.18946561
  • Al-Mozaini MA, Mansour MK, Al-Hokail AA, et al. HIV-care outcome in Saudi Arabia; a longitudinal cohort. J AIDS Clin Res. 2014;5(11):11. doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000370
  • Alhuraiji A, Alaraj A, Alghamdi S, Alrbiaan A, Alrajhi AA. Viral hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2014;34(3):207–210. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2014.20725266179
  • Kourtis AP, Bulterys M, Hu DJ, Jamieson DJ. HIV–HBV coinfection — a global challenge. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(19):1749–1752. doi:10.1056/NEJMp120179622571198
  • Berenguer J, Gil-Martin A, Jarrin I, et al. Reinfection by hepatitis C virus following effective all-oral direct-acting antiviral drug therapy in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected individuals. AIDS. 2019;33(4):685–689. doi:10.1097/QAD.000000000000210330829744
  • Zeuzem S, Ghalib R, Reddy KR, et al. Grazoprevir-elbasvir combination therapy for treatment-naive cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1, 4, or 6 infection: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(1):1–13. doi:10.7326/M15-078525909356
  • Boerekamps A, van den Berk GE, Lauw FN, et al. Declining hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in dutch human immunodeficiency virus-positive men who have sex with men after unrestricted access to HCV therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1360–1365. doi:10.1093/cid/cix100729186320
  • Braun DL, Hampel B, Kouyos R, et al. High cure rates with grazoprevir-elbasvir with or without ribavirin guided by genotypic resistance testing among human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis c virus-coinfected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(4):569–576. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy54730107485
  • Lucy J. Fall in HCV incidence in HIV+ MSM in london following wider access to DAA therapy. CROI; 2019; Washington 35.
  • Helen L, Zhang MM. Hepatitis B virologic failure of tenofovir-based therapies in patients with HIV/HBV. CROI; 2018; Washington: CROI.
  • Al-Mughales JA. Co-infection assessment in HBV, HCV, and HIV patients in western Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol. 2016;88(9):1545–1551. doi:10.1002/jmv.2450326895691
  • González Fernández L, Casas EC, Singh S, et al. New opportunities in tuberculosis prevention: implications for people living with HIV. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(1):e25438–e. doi:10.1002/jia2.2543831913556
  • Pawlowski A, Jansson M, Skold M, Rottenberg ME, Källenius G. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(2):e1002464. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.100246422363214
  • Peters JS, Andrews JR, Hatherill M, et al. Advances in the understanding of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in HIV-endemic settings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(3):e65–e76. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30477-830554995
  • Bucşan AN, Chatterjee A, Singh DK, et al. Mechanisms of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection due to SIV co-infection. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(12):5254–5260. doi:10.1172/JCI12581031479428
  • Johnson KT, Churchyard GJ, Sohn H, Dowdy DW. Cost-effectiveness of preventive therapy for tuberculosis with isoniazid and rifapentine versus isoniazid alone in high-burden settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(7):1072–1078. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy23029617965
  • Danel C, Moh R, Gabillard D, et al. A trial of early antiretrovirals and isoniazid preventive therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):808–822.26193126
  • Badje A, Moh R, Gabillard D, et al. Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in West African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the temprano ANRS 12136 trial. Lancet Global Health. 2017;5(11):e1080–e9. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30372-829025631
  • Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J, Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):Cd000171. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000171.pub320091503
  • Briggs MA, Emerson C, Modi S, Taylor NK, Date A. Use of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis prophylaxis among people living with HIV/AIDS: a review of the literature. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(Suppl 3):S297–305. doi:10.1097/QAI.000000000000049725768869
  • Golub JE, Cohn S, Saraceni V, et al. Long-term protection from isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in a medium-burden tuberculosis setting: the TB/HIV in Rio (THRio) study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(4):639–645. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu84925365974
  • WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2018. WHO; 2018.
  • Alrajhi AA, Nematallah A, Abdulwahab S, Bukhary Z. Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis co-infection in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2002;8(6):749–753.15568451
  • Omair MA, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alrajhi AA. Incidence of tuberculosis in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(5):600–603.20392353
  • CDC. CfDCaP. Trends in tuberculosis–United States, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(11):333–337.21430636
  • von Reyn CF, Bakari M, Arbeit RD, Lahey T, Ramadhani A, Egwaga S. New vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(6):718–723. doi:10.5588/ijtld.11.044422507085
  • Salazar-Austin N, Hoffmann J, Cohn S, et al. Poor obstetric and infant outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women with tuberculosis in South Africa: the Tshepiso study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(6):921–929. doi:10.1093/cid/cix85129028970
  • von Reyn CF, Mtei L, Arbeit RD, et al. Prevention of tuberculosis in Bacille Calmette-Guerin-primed, HIV-infected adults boosted with an inactivated whole-cell mycobacterial vaccine. AIDS. 2010;24(5):675–685. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283350f1b20118767
  • Hamid ME, Al Azraqi TA, Joseph MR, Al-Hakami AM. Isolation of a rare Nocardia wallacei from an HIV-positive patient with pulmonary infection in southern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2013;34(6):644–647.23756931
  • Banerjee B, Gupta R, Varma M, Mukhopadhyay C, Shaw T. Disseminated Nocardia asiatica infection in an immunocompromised individual: a rare entity needs careful vigilance. J Infect Public Health. 2019;12(2):167–170. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2018.12.00830704871
  • Sakyi SA, Danquah KO, Ephraim RD, et al. Evaluating the contribution of nocardia spp. and mycobacterium tuberculosis to pulmonary infections among HIV and non-HIV patients at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2018;2018:2910198.30581513
  • Singh AK, Shukla A, Bajwa R, Agrawal R, Srivastwa N. Pulmonary nocardiosis: unusual presentation in intensive care unit. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2018;22(2):125–127. doi:10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_472_1729531457
  • Burke VE, Lopez FA. Approach to skin and soft tissue infections in non-HIV immunocompromised hosts. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2017;30(4):354–363. doi:10.1097/QCO.000000000000037828542092
  • Rajagopal S, Oliver NT, Palau L, Plamenac J, Mejia R. Invited commentary on treatment of Nocardia wallacei in an HIV patient with renal failure. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2016;3(2):67–70. doi:10.1007/s40475-016-0073-3
  • Shalhoub S, AlZahrani A, Simhairi R, Mushtaq A. Successful recovery of MERS CoV pneumonia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a case report. J Clin Virol. 2015;62:69–71. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.03025542475
  • Lisa R, Metsch DJF, Masson CL, David C. Care facilitation for HIV/HCV coinfected increases movement on the HCV care cascade. CROI; 2018; Washington: CROI.
  • Laura Starbird H-RH, Sulkowski M, Budhathoki C, Reynolds N, Farley J. A randomized trial of HIV/HCV nurse case management for linkage to HCV care. CROI; 2018; Washington: CROI
  • John D. A community intervention increased HCV screening and treatment in King County, WA. CROI; 2018; Washington: CROI
  • Hakawi AM, Alrajhi AA. Tuberculosis of the bone marrow: clinico-pathological study of 22 cases from Saudi Arabia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10(9):1041–1044.16964798
  • Alzahrani AJ, Obeid OE, Al-Ali A, Imamwardi B. Detection of hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus in expatriates in Saudi Arabia by antigen-antibody combination assays. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009;3(3):235–238. doi:10.3855/jidc.4219759481