Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Rifampicin Resistance Pattern of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Among Children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia

References

• Qazi SA, Khan S, Khan MA. Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in a hospital setting. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;1:164–167.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Velez CM, Marais BJ. Tuberculosis in children. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(4):348–361. doi:10.1056/NEJMra100804922830465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar NP, Anuradha R, Andrade BB, et al. Circulating biomarkers of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in children. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2013;20(5):704–711. doi:10.1128/CVI.00038-13
   Google Scholar
• Blount RJ, Tran B, Jarlsberg LG, et al. Childhood tuberculosis in northern Viet Nam: a review of 103 cases. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):1–8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolursaz MR, Khalilzadeh S, Baghaie N, et al. and radiographic findings of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants. J Comprehensive Pediatrics. 2013;4(4):170–174. doi:10.17795/compreped-14337
   Google Scholar
• Peter R. Donald: A Brief History of Childhood Tuberculosis. Vol. 1 Oxford University Press; 2015:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bogale S, Diro E, Shiferaw AM, Yenit MK. Factors associated with the length of delay with tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment among adult tuberculosis patients attending at public health facilities in Gondar town, Northwest, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):145. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2240-028193183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report, 2015. Geneva, Switzerland; 2015 Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/191102.
   Google Scholar
• Berti E, Galli L, Venturini E, de Martini M, Chiappini E. Tuberculosis in childhood: a systematic review of national and international guidelines. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):S3. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-S1-S3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminathan S, Rekha B. Pediatric tuberculosis: global overview and challenges. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(3):184–194. doi:10.1086/65149020001736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaziou P, Sismanidis C, Floyd K, Raviglione M. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(2):a017798. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a017798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narasimhan P, Wood J, MacIntyre CR, Mathai D. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Pulm Med. 2013;2013:1–11. doi:10.1155/2013/828939
   Google Scholar
• Hamzaoui A, Yaalaoui S, Cherif FT, Saidi LS, Berraies A. Childhood tuberculosis: a concern of the modern world. Eur Respir Rev. 2014;23(133):278–291. doi:10.1183/09059180.0000531425176964
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Acosta CD, Rusovich V, Harries AD, Ahmedov S, van den Boom M, Dara M. A new roadmap for childhood tuberculosis. Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(1):15–17. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70153-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deress T, Hassen F, Adane K, Tsegaye A. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice about biomedical waste management and associated factors among the healthcare professionals at Debre Markos Town healthcare facilities, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmael A, Tsegaye G, Wubie M, Endris M. Tuberculosis and human immune deficiency virus co-infection in debre markos referral hospital in northwest ethiopia: a five years retrospective study. J AIDS Clin Res. 2013;4:263. doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000263
   Google Scholar
• Nuttall FQ; BMI. Body Mass Index. Nutr Today. 2015;50(3):117–128.27340299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saeed HA, Mogendi JB, Akparibo R, Kolsteren P. Reliability of mid-upper arm circumference measurements taken by community health nurses. Curr Res Nutri Food Sci J. 2015;3(1):26–35. doi:10.12944/CRNFSJ.3.1.04
   Google Scholar
• Binod Lal B, Kedar Narsign KC. National childhood TB management guideline. Government of nepal ministry of health department of health service national tuberculosis centre. Nepal Med Coll J. 2012;13(2):58–61.
   Google Scholar
• Dorman SE, Schumacher SG, Alland D, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):76–84.29198911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebede A, Beyene D, Yenew B, et al. Monitoring quality indicators for the Xpert MTB/RIF molecular assay in Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0225205. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.022520531714934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent AJ. Childhood TB surveillance: bridging the knowledge gap to inform policy. J Trop Med. 2012;1:1–5. doi:10.1155/2012/865436
   Google Scholar
• Tsai KS, Chang HL, Chien ST, et al. Childhood tuberculosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;54(5):295–302. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.01.01923597517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins HE. Global burden of childhood tuberculosis. Pneumonia. 2016;8(1):24. doi:10.1186/s41479-016-0018-628003956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dangisso MH, Datiko DG, Lindtjørn B. Low case notification rates of childhood tuberculosis in southern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15(1):142. doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0461-126428086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marais BJ, Gupta A, Starke JR, El Sony A. Tuberculosis in women and children. The Lancet. 2010;375(9731):2057–2059. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60579-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubulis J, Kinikar A, Ithape M, et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children in Pune, India. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2014;18(2):198–200. doi:10.5588/ijtld.13.0314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaganath D, Mupere E. Childhood tuberculosis and malnutrition. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(12):1809–1815. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis60823033147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz AT, Starke JR. Pediatric tuberculosis. Pediatrics Rev. 2010;31(1):13. doi:10.1542/pir.31-1-13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettehad D, Schaaf HS, Seddon JA, Cooke GS, Ford N. Treatment outcomes for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(6):449–456. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70033-622373593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaaf HS, Marais BJ. Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a survival guide for paediatricians. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2011;12(1):31–38. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2010.09.01021172673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd PJ, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA. Global burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1193–1201. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30132-327342768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnippel K, Shearer K, Evans D, Berhanu R, Ndjeka N. Predictors of mortality and treatment success during treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis within the South African National TB Programme, 2009 to 2011: a cohort analysis of the national case register. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;1(39):89–94. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Manji KP, Spiegelman D, et al. Incident tuberculosis and risk factors among HIV-infected children in Tanzania. AIDS. 2013;27(8):1273–1281. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835ecb2423343909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munthali T, Chabala C, Chama E, et al. Tuberculosis caseload in children with severe acute malnutrition related with high hospital based mortality in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):206. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2529-528606173
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• López-Varela E, Augusto OJ, Gondo K, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis among young children in rural Mozambique. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(7):686–692. doi:10.1097/INF.000000000000071026069945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marais BJ, Obihara CC, Gie RP, et al. The prevalence of symptoms associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in randomly selected children from a high burden community. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(11):1166–1170. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.06064016243872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh N, Gupte A, Dharmshale S, et al. Novel interferon-gamma assays for diagnosing tuberculosis in young children in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(4):412–419. doi:10.5588/ijtld.16.042828284256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chipinduro M, Mateveke K, Makamure B, Ferrand RA, Gomo E. Stool Xpert® MTB/RIF test for the diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis at primary clinics in Zimbabwe. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(2):161–166. doi:10.5588/ijtld.16.035728234079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Godfrey-Faussett P, Fielding K, Schaaf HS. Risk factors for infection and disease in child contacts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(1):392.23977834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicol MP, Workman L, Isaacs W, et al. Accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children admitted to hospital in Cape Town, South Africa: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(11):819–824. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70167-021764384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaganath D, Zalwango S, Okware B, et al. Contact investigation for active tuberculosis among child contacts in Uganda. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(12):1685–1692. doi:10.1093/cid/cit64524077055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arega B, Menbere F, Getachew Y. Prevalence of rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis patients in selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):307.30947695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana AT, Gathia R, Huda MM, Begum JA, Amin MR. Pattern of childhood tuberculosis among the patients admitted in Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital. Northern Int Med Coll J. 2017;8(2):213–215. doi:10.3329/nimcj.v8i2.32552
   Google Scholar
• Attah CJ, Oguche S, Egah D, Ishaya TN, Banwat M, Adgidzi AG. Risk factors associated with paediatric tuberculosis in an endemic setting. Alexandria J Med. 2018;1:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hesseling AC, Kim S, Madhi S, et al. High prevalence of drug resistance amongst HIV-exposed and-infected children in a tuberculosis prevention trial. TInt J Tuberculosis Lung Dis. 2012;16(2):192–195. doi:10.5588/ijtld.10.0795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd PJ, Gardiner E, Coghlan R, Seddon JA. Burden of childhood tuberculosis in 22 high-burden countries: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Global Health. 2014;2(8):e453–9. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70245-125103518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao W, Liu Z, Han R, et al. Prevalence of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among children in China. Tuberculosis. 2015;95(3):315–320. doi:10.1016/j.tube.2015.02.04125814302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao VG, Bhat J, Yadav R, et al. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis - a baseline survey In Central India. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim MR, Rahman MA, Mamun SA, Alam MA, Akhter S. What cannot be measured cannot be done; risk factors for childhood tuberculosis: a case control study. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2012;38(1):27–32. doi:10.3329/bmrcb.v38i1.1044922545348
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens H, Ximenes RA, Dantas O, Rodrigues LC. Risk factors for tuberculosis in older children and adolescents: a matched case– control study in Recife. Braz Licensee BioMed Central. 2014;1:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Braitstein P, Nyandiko W, Vreeman R, et al. The clinical burden of tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Western Kenya and the impact of combination antiretroviral treatment. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(7):626–632. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31819665c519451858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh M. Prevalence and risk factors for transmission of infection among children in household contact with adults having pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(6):624–628. doi:10.1136/adc.2003.04425515908630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drobac PC, Mukherjee JS, Joseph JK, et al. Community-based therapy for children with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):2022–2029. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-223516740844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar