Bacteriophages Against Pathogenic Bacteria and Possibilities for Future Application in Africa

References

• Byarugaba DK. A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;24(2):105–110. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.01515288307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A, eds. Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications. CRC Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Abedon ST, ed. Bacteriophage Ecology: Population Growth, Evolution, and Impact of Bacterial Viruses. Cambridge University Press; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Chanishvili N. Phage therapy--history from Twort and d'Herelle through Soviet experience to current approaches. Adv Virus Res. 2012;83:3–40. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-394438-2.00001-3
   Google Scholar
• Ashelford KE, Day MJ, Fry JC. Elevated abundance of bacteriophage infecting bacteria in soil. AEM. 2003;69(1):285–289. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.1.285-289.2003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batinovic S, Wassef F, Knowler SA, et al. Bacteriophages in natural and artificial environments. Pathogens. 2019;8(3):100. doi:10.3390/pathogens8030100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Founou RC, Founou LL, Essack SY. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clokie MRJ, Kropinski A, eds. Bacteriophages: Methods and Protocols, Volume 1: Isolation, Characterization, and Interactions. Humana Press; 2009. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-164-6
   Google Scholar
• Forde A, Hill C. Phages of life - the path to pharma. Br J Pharmacol. 2018;175(3):412–418. doi:10.1111/bph.1410629266197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schooley RT, Biswas B, Gill JJ, et al. Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(10). doi:10.1128/AAC.00954-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman P, Abedon ST. Bacteriophage host range and bacterial resistance. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2010;70:217–48. doi:10.1016/S0065-2164(10)70007-1
   Google Scholar
• Azizian R, Nasab SDM, Ahmadi NA. Bacteriophage as a Novel Antibacterial Agent in Industry and Medicine. J Paramed Sci. 2013; 4(4):93–101.
   Google Scholar
• Chen LK, Kuo S-C, Chang K-C, et al. Clinical antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains with higher susceptibility to environmental phages than antibiotic-sensitive strains. Sci Rep. 2017;7. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06688-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira H, Melo LDR, Santos SB, et al. Molecular aspects and comparative genomics of bacteriophage endolysins. J Virol. 2013;87(8):4558–4570. doi:10.1128/JVI.03277-1223408602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers WC. Bacteriophage therapy. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001;55(1):437–451. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.43711544363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdi S, Rousseau GM, Labrie SJ, et al. Characterization of two polyvalent phages infecting Enterobacteriaceae. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/srep40349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Born Y, Fieseler L, Marazzi J, Lurz R, Duffy B, Loessner MJ. Novel virulent and broad-host-range erwinia amylovora bacteriophages reveal a high degree of mosaicism and a relationship to enterobacteriaceae phages. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(17):5945–5954. doi:10.1128/AEM.03022-1021764969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann H-W. Phage classification and characterization. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;501:127–140. doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-164-6_1319066817
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ICTV. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. ICTV; 2019 Available from: https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201904780. Accessed 96, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ackermann H-W. 5500 Phages examined in the electron microscope. Arch Virol. 2007;152(2):227–243. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0849-117051420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope CK, Packer S, Wilson M, Nair SP. The inability of a bacteriophage to infect Staphylococcus aureus does not prevent it from specifically delivering a photosensitizer to the bacterium enabling its lethal photosensitization. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64(1):59–61. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp15719411679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández L, Gutiérrez D, García P, Rodríguez A. The perfect bacteriophage for therapeutic applications—a quick guide. Antibiotics. 2019;8(3):126. doi:10.3390/antibiotics8030126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander S, Barrow P. Phage therapy in animals and agribusiness In: Kutter E, Sulakvelidze A, editors. Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications. CRC Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Abuladze T, Li M, Menetrez MY, Dean T, Senecal A, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophages reduce experimental contamination of hard surfaces, tomato, spinach, broccoli, and ground beef by Escherichia coli O157: H7. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(20):6230–6238. doi:10.1128/aem.01465-0818723643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardina C, Spricigo DA, Cortés P, Llagostera M. Significance of the bacteriophage treatment schedule in reducing Salmonella colonization of poultry. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(18):6600–6607. doi:10.1128/aem.01257-1222773654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow P, Lovell M, Berchieri A. Use of lytic bacteriophage for control of experimental Escherichia coli septicemia and meningitis in chickens and calves. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1998;5(3):294–298. doi:10.1128/CDLI.5.3.294-298.1998.9605979
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan BK, Turner PE, Kim S, Mojibian HR, Elefteriades JA, Narayan D. Phage treatment of an aortic graft infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evol Med Public Health. 2018;2018(1):60–66. doi:10.1093/emph/eoy00529588855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhibber S, Kaur S, Kumari S. Therapeutic potential of bacteriophage in treating Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055-mediated lobar pneumonia in mice. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57(12):1508–1513. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.2008/002873-019018021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin JJ, Donlan RM. Using bacteriophages to reduce formation of catheter-associated biofilms by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(4):1268–1275. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.4.1268-1275.200616569839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Efficacy of bacteriophage treatment in murine burn wound infection induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;19(6):622–628. doi:10.4014/jmb.0808.49319597322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari S, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Bacteriophage treatment of burn wound infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO in BALB/c Mice. Am J Biomed Sci. 2009;385–394. doi:10.5099/aj090400385
   Google Scholar
• Verma V, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Structural changes induced by a lytic bacteriophage make ciprofloxacin effective against older biofilm of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biofouling. 2010;26(6):729–737. doi:10.1080/08927014.2010.51119620711894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qadir MI, Mobeen T, Masood A. Phage therapy: progress in pharmacokinetics. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2018;54(1). doi:10.1590/s2175-97902018000117093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Q, Yuan Y. Characterization of a newly isolated phage infecting pathogenic Escherichia coli and analysis of its mosaic structural genes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8086. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26004-429795390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne M, Rupf B, Tala M, et al. Reprogramming bacteriophage host range through structure-guided design of chimeric receptor binding proteins. Cell Rep. 2019;29(5):1336–1350.e4. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.06231665644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahichi F, Synnott AJ, Yamamichi K, Osada T, Tanji Y. Site-specific recombination of T2 phage using IP008 long tail fiber genes provides a targeted method for expanding host range while retaining lytic activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;295(2):211–217. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01588.x19453513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giovine M, Salone B, Martina Y, et al. Binding properties, cell delivery, and gene transfer of adenoviral penton base displaying bacteriophage. Virology. 2001;282(1):102–112. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.080911259194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu TK, Collins JJ. Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(27):11197–11202. doi:10.1073/pnas.070462410417592147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO | Ten years in public health 2007–2017. WHO; 2017 Available from: http://www.who.int/publications/10-year-review/en/. Accessed 91, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Butler MS, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA. Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015. J Antibiot. 2017;70(1):3–24. doi:10.1038/ja.2016.72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slopek S, Beata W-D, Dabrowski M, Ali na -K-K. Result of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981–1986. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1987;35(5):15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulakvelidze A, Alavidze Z, Morris JG. Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45(3):649–659. doi:10.1128/AAC.45.3.649-659.200111181338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin DM, Koskella B, Lin HC. Phage therapy: an alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance. WJGPT. 2017;8(3):162. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.16228828194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlton RM. Phage therapy: past history and future prospects. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47(5):267–274.10604231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abedon ST. Phage-antibiotic combination treatments: antagonistic impacts of antibiotics on the pharmacodynamics of phage therapy? Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(4). doi:10.3390/antibiotics8040182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor M, Razieh K, Sandra M, Michael JR Bacteriophage-antibiotic combinations: a promising alternative for refractory infections? ContagionLive; 2 19, 2020 Available from: https://www.contagionlive.com/publications/contagion/2020/february/bacteriophageantibiotic-combinations-a-promising-alternative-for-refractory-infections. Accessed 91, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Merabishvili M, Vos DD, Verbeken G, et al. Selection and characterization of a candidate therapeutic bacteriophage that lyses the Escherichia coli O104: h4Strain from the 2011 outbreak in Germany. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52709. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.005270923285164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McVay CS, Velásquez M, Fralick JA. Phage therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse burn wound model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(6):1934–1938. doi:10.1128/AAC.01028-0617387151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markoishvili K, Tsitlanadze G, Katsarava R, Morris JG, Sulakvelidze A. A novel sustained-release matrix based on biodegradable poly(ester amide)s and impregnated with bacteriophages and an antibiotic shows promise in management of infected venous stasis ulcers and other poorly healing wounds. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41(7):453–458. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01451.x12121566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Międzybrodzki R, Harper DR, Abedon ST, et al. Current Updates from the Long-Standing Phage Research Centers in Georgia, Poland, and Russia. Springer International Publishing; 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40598-8_31-1
   Google Scholar
• Jończyk E, Kłak M, Międzybrodzki R, Górski A. The influence of external factors on bacteriophages—review. Folia Microbiol. 2011;56(3):191–200. doi:10.1007/s12223-011-0039-821625877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. WHO | Health data and statistics. WHO; 11 2013 Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/en/. Accessed 103, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000–13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet. 2015;385(9966):430–440. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61698-625280870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, et al. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;16.
   Google Scholar
• Gudina I, Gizachew Z, Woyessa D, Kassa T. Isolation of bacteriophage and assessment of its activity against biofilms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia. Am J Curr Microbiol. 2018;6(1):52–66.
   Google Scholar
• Hailemichael T. Isolation of bacteriophage against biofilm forming and MDR Acinetobacter baumannii from surface of medical equipment and floor in Jimma University Medical Center, South West, Ethiopia {disseration}. Jimma, Jimma University; 1 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kakou-Ngazoa ES, Audrey AA, Krylova K, et al. First novel phages from rodents with lytic activity on clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains: initiation for phage therapy in West Africa. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2020;14(6):280–285. doi:10.5897/AJMR2020.9329
   Google Scholar
• Leta A, Yohannes M, Kassa T. Assessment of therapeutic potential of bacteriophages to control Escherichia coli infection in Swiss mice model. Ethiop J App Sci Tech. 2017;8(2):73–83.
   Google Scholar
• Maina AN, Mwaura FB, Oyugi J, Goulding D, Toribio AL, Kariuki S. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae bacteriophages isolated from the environmental waters of the Lake Victoria Region of Kenya. Curr Microbiol. 2014;68(1):64–70. doi:10.1007/s00284-013-0447-x23982202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abul-Hassan HS, El-Tahan K, Gomaa R, Massoud B. Bacteriophage therapy of pseudomonas burn wound sepsis. Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 1990;3(4).
   Google Scholar
• Simpkin VL, Renwick MJ, Kelly R, Mossialos E. Incentivising innovation in antibiotic drug discovery and development: progress, challenges and next steps. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 2017;70(12):1087–1096. doi:10.1038/ja.2017.12429089600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edqvist L-E, Pedersen KB. 9. Antimicrobials as growth promoters: resistance to common sense. In: Harremoës P et al. Late Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary Principle 1896–2000. EU; 2002:223. Available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental_issue_report_2001_22. Accessed October 20, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Roth N, Käsbohrer A, Mayrhofer S, Zitz U, Hofacre C, Domig KJ. The application of antibiotics in broiler production and the resulting antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: a global overview. Poult Sci. 2019;98(4):1791–1804. doi:10.3382/ps/pey53930544256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van TTH, Yidana Z, Smooker PM, Coloe PJ. Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: pluses and minuses. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;20:170–177. doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.03131401170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golkar Z, Bagasra O, Pace DG. Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(2):129–136. doi:10.3855/jidc.357324518621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigante A, Atterbury RJ. Veterinary use of bacteriophage therapy in intensively-reared livestock. Virol J. 2019;16(1):155. doi:10.1186/s12985-019-1260-331831017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittebole X, De Roock S, Opal SM. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014;5(1):226–235. doi:10.4161/viru.2599123973944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith HW, Huggins MB. Successful treatment of experimental Escherichia coli infections in mice using phage: its general superiority over antibiotics. Microbiology. 1982;128(2):307–318. doi:10.1099/00221287-128-2-307
   Google Scholar
• Smith HMB, Shaw KM. The control of experimental Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves by means of bacteriophages. J Gen Microbiol. 1987;133(5):1111–1126. doi:10.1099/00221287-133-5-11113309177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grinyova K.Application of biological bacteriophage-based for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of fish pseudomonosis. Eur Stud Sci J. 2014;2.
   Google Scholar
• Wernicki A, Nowaczek A, Urban-Chmiel R. Bacteriophage therapy to combat bacterial infections in poultry. Virol J. 2017;14(1):179. doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0849-728915819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svircev A, Roach D, Castle A. Framing the future with bacteriophages in agriculture. Viruses. 2018;10(5):5. doi:10.3390/v10050218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson TJ, Shank JM, Johnson JG. Current and potential treatments for reducing campylobacter colonization in animal hosts and disease in humans. Front Microbiol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanasamy P. Microbial Plant Pathogens-Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Bacterial and Phytoplasmal Pathogens, Vol. 2. Netherlands: Springer; 2011. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9769-9
   Google Scholar
• Mendonça L, Zambolim L, Jl B Bacterial citrus diseases: major threats and recent progress. J Bacteriol Mycol. 2017;5:4–2017. doi:10.15406/JBMOA.2017.05.00143
   Google Scholar
• Besarab NV. Can bacteriophages combat bacterial diseases of plants? 2018 Available from: http://www.global-engage.com/agricultural-biotechnology/bacteriophages-combat-bacterial-diseases-plants/. Accessed 95, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro LAM, Pereira C, Frazão C, Balcão VM, Almeida A. Efficiency of phage φ6 for biocontrol of Pseudomonas syringae pv. Syringae: an in vitro preliminary study. Microorganisms. 2019;7(9). doi:10.3390/microorganisms7090286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarhan WA, Azzazy HM. Phage approved in food, why not as a therapeutic? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(1):91–101. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.99038325488141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SC, Nakai T. Bacteriophage control of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida infection in ayu, Plectoglossis altivelis. Dis Aquat Org. 2003;53:33–39. doi:10.3354/dao053033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnabel EL, Jones AL. Isolation and characterization of FiveErwinia amylovora bacteriophages and assessment of phage resistance in strains of Erwinia amylovora. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67(1):59–64. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.1.59-64.200111133428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei C, Liu J, Maina AN, et al. Developing a bacteriophage cocktail for biocontrol of potato bacterial wilt. Virol Sin. 2017;32(6):476–484. doi:10.1007/s12250-017-3987-629168148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cycoń M, Mrozik A, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Antibiotics in the soil environment—degradation and their impact on microbial activity and diversity. Front Microbiol. 2019;10. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JB, Vallad GE, Iriarte FB, et al. Considerations for using bacteriophages for plant disease control. Bacteriophage. 2012;2(4):e23857. doi:10.4161/bact.23857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Civerolo EL, Keil HL. Inhibition of bacterial spot of peach foliage by Xanthomonas pruni bacteriophage. Phytopathology. 1969.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erskine JM. Characteristics of Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage and its possible role in the epidemiology of fire blight. Can J Microbiol. 1973;19(7):837–845. doi:10.1139/m73-1344125539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie D, Klos E Isolation of Erwinia amylovora bacteriophage from aerial parts of apple trees. Phytopathology. 1977;36:101–104. doi:10.1094/Phyto-67-101
   Google Scholar
• Gill JJ, Svircev AM, Smith R, Castle AJ. Bacteriophages of Erwinia amylovora. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(4):2133–2138. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.4.2133-2138.200312676693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malnoy M, Faize M, Venisse J-S, Geider K, Chevreau E. Expression of viral EPS-depolymerase reduces fire blight susceptibility in transgenic pear. Plant Cell Rep. 2005;23(9):632–638. doi:10.1007/s00299-004-0855-215375629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, Pielstick BA, Bell KA, et al. A novel, highly related jumbo family of bacteriophages that were isolated against Erwinia. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1533. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.0153331428059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcó MB, Reinheimer JA, Quiberoni A. Phage adsorption to Lactobacillus plantarum: influence of physiological and environmental factors. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;138(3):270–275. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.00720153539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly-Chatain MH. The factors affecting effectiveness of treatment in phages therapy. Front Microbiol. 2014;5. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe R, Matsumoto T, Sano G, et al. Efficacy of bacteriophage therapy against gut-derived sepsis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(2):446–452. doi:10.1128/AAC.00635-0617116686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrix RW. Bacteriophage genomics. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2003;6(5):506–511. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.00414572544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes S, Mahony J, Nauta A, van Sinderen D. Metagenomic approaches to assess bacteriophages in various environmental niches. Viruses. 2017;9(6):6. doi:10.3390/v9060127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czajkowski R, Jackson RW, Lindow SE. Editorial: environmental bacteriophages: from biological control applications to directed bacterial evolution. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1830. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.0183031440230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clokie M PHAGE | Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. nn Liebert; 2020 Available from: https://home.liebertpub.com/publications/phage/652/overview#aims. Accessed 93, 2020
   Google Scholar
• Francis T. Bacteriophage aims & scope. Bacteriophages. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• NCBI P. (Bacteriophage[MeSH Terms]) AND “last 10 years”[PDat] - PMC – NCBI; 2020 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=(Bacteriophage%5BMeSH+Terms%5D)+AND+%22last+10+years%22%5BPDat%5D. Accessed 93, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ISO. Water quality — detection and enumeration of bacteriophages — part 1: enumeration of F-specific RNA bacteriophages. ISO; 2017 Available from: https://www.iso.org/cms/render/live/en/sites/isoorg/contents/data/standard/01/87/18794.html. Accessed 91, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Olszak T, Latka A, Roszniowski B, Valvano MA, Drulis-Kawa Z. Phage life cycles behind bacterial biodiversity. Curr Med Chem. 2017;24(36):3987–4001. doi:10.2174/092986732466617041310013628412903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen JE, Brown DJ, Skov MN, Christensen JP. Bacterial typing methods suitable for epidemiological analysis. applications in investigations of salmonellosis among livestock. Vet Q. 1993;15(4):125–135. doi:10.1080/01652176.1993.96943908122347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed M. Phage typing or CRISPR typing for epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella Typhimurium? BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2878-028057050
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fauconnier A. Phage therapy regulation: from night to dawn. Viruses. 2019;11(4):352. doi:10.3390/v11040352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viridax. ViridaxTM; 2020 Availabble from: http://www.dreamingrock.com/viridax/eviridax/cphage.htm. Accessed 93, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• WHO, editor. Quality Assurance of Pharmaceuticals: A Compendium of Guidelines and Related Materials. Volume 2: Good Manufacturing Practices and Inspection. 2nd updated ed. World Health Organization; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Intestifag. Intestifag® polyvalent bacteriophage. Bacteriophages; 2020 Available from: https://bacteriophages.info/en/bacteriophage/intesifag/. Accessed 93, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Abedon. Phage Companies - Bacteriophage Ecology Group. Phage companies; 2018 Available from: http://companies.phage.org/. Accessed 93, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Verbeken G, De Vos D, Vaneechoutte M, Merabishvili M, Zizi M, Pirnay J-P. European regulatory conundrum of phage therapy. Future Microbiol. 2007;2(5):485–491. doi:10.2217/17460913.2.5.48517927471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García R, Latz S, Romero J, Higuera G, García K, Bastías R. Bacteriophage production models: an overview. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1187. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.0118731214139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perepanova TS, Darbeeva OS, Kotliarova GA, et al. [The efficacy of bacteriophage preparations in treating inflammatory urologic diseases]. Urol Nefrol (Mosk). 1995;5:14–17. Russian.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikolich MP, Filippov AA. Bacteriophage therapy: developments and directions. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9:3. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9030135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose T, Verbeken G, Vos DD, et al. Experimental phage therapy of burn wound infection: difficult first steps. Int J Burns Trauma. 2014;4(2):66–73.25356373
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kochetkova VA, Mamontov AS, Moskovtseva RL, et al. [Phagotherapy of postoperative suppurative-inflammatory complications in patients with neoplasms]. Sov Med. 1989;6:23–26. Russian.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fadlallah A, Chelala E, Legeais J-M. Corneal Infection Therapy with Topical Bacteriophage Administration. Open Ophthalmol J. 2015;9(1):167–168. doi:10.2174/187436410150901016726862360
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fish R, Kutter E, Wheat G, Blasdel B, Kutateladze M, Kuhl S. Bacteriophage treatment of intransigent diabetic toe ulcers: a case series. J Wound Care. 2016;25(Sup7):S27–S33. doi:10.12968/jowc.2016.25.Sup7.S2726949862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarker SA, Sultana S, Reuteler G, et al. Oral phage therapy of acute bacterial diarrhea with two coliphage preparations: a randomized trial in children from Bangladesh. EBioMedicine. 2016;4:124–137. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.02326981577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun JW, Shin TH, Kim JH, et al. Bacteriophage therapy of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection caused by a multiple-antibiotic–resistant O3: K6 pandemic clinical strain. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(1):72–78. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu05924558119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills QF, Kerrigan C, Soothill JS. Experimental bacteriophage protection against Staphylococcus aureus abscesses in a rabbit model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):1220–1221. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.3.1220-1221.200515728933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Gohary F, We H, Gr H, Nc R, Zy Z, Am D. Environmental augmentation with bacteriophage prevents colibacillosis in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2014;93(11):2788–2792. doi:10.3382/ps.2014-0428225214555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SC, Shimamura I, Fukunaga M, Mori K-I, Nakai T. Isolation of bacteriophages specific to a fish pathogen, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, as a candidate for disease control. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66(4):1416–1422. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.4.1416-1422.200010742221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akmal M, Rahimi-Midani A, Hafeez-ur-Rehman M, Hussain A, Choi T-J. Isolation, characterization, and application of a bacteriophage infecting the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):215. doi:10.3390/pathogens9030215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng H, Knecht HJ, Kudva IT, Hovde CJ. Application of bacteriophages to control intestinal Escherichia coli O157: H7Levels in ruminants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(8):5359–5366. doi:10.1128/AEM.00099-0616885287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adriaenssens EM, Van Vaerenbergh J, Vandenheuvel D, et al. T4-related bacteriophage LIMEstone isolates for the control of soft rot on potato caused by ‘Dickeya solani.’ Johnson EA, ed. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33227. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.003322722413005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara A, Fujisawa M, Hamasaki R, Kawasaki T, Fujie M, Yamada T. Biocontrol of Ralstonia solanacearum by treatment with lytic bacteriophages. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(12):4155–4162. doi:10.1128/AEM.02847-1021498752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obradovic A, Jones JB, Momol MT, Balogh B, Olson SM. Management of tomato bacterial spot in the field by foliar applications of bacteriophages and SAR inducers. Plant Dis. 2004;88(7):736–740. doi:10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.7.73630812485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das M, Bhowmick TS, Ahern SJ, Young R, Gonzalez CF. Control of pierce’s disease by phage. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang JM, Gent DH, Schwartz HF. Management of Xanthomonas leaf blight of onion with bacteriophages and a plant activator. Plant Dis. 2007;91(7):871–878. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-7-087130780399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim J-A. Biocontrol of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum using bacteriophage PP1. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;23(8):1147–1153. doi:10.4014/jmb.1304.0400123727798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyer C. Isolation and characterization of phages Stsc1 and Stsc3 infecting Streptomyces scabiei and their potential as biocontrol agents. Can J Plant Pathol. 2005;27(2):210–216. doi:10.1080/07060660509507218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogh B, Canteros BI, Stall RE, Jones JB. Control of citrus canker and citrus bacterial spot with bacteriophages. Plant Dis. 2008;92(7):1048–1052. doi:10.1094/PDIS-92-7-104830769518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar