Systematic Review on the Therapeutic Options for COVID-19: Clinical Evidence of Drug Efficacy and Implications

References

• Deng SQ, Peng HJ. Characteristics of and public health responses to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia In Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513.32007143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical Features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.31986264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Unique Epidemiological QQ. Clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (covid-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):568–576.32134116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari S, Meng S, Wu Y, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (covid-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Povert. 2020;9(1):29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720.32109013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson E, Walker A, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with covid-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430–436.32640463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du RH, Liang L, Yang CQ, et al. Predictors Of Mortality For Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia Caused By Sars-Cov-2: A Prospective Cohort Study. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000524.32269088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu S. Non-Communicable Disease Management In Vulnerable Patients During Covid-19. Indian J Med Ethics. 2020;V(2):103–105.32393447
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang I, Lim MA, Pranata R. Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated With Increased Mortality and Severity Of Disease In Covid-19 Pneumonia – a systematic review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):395–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani J, Oyelade T, Aldhahir AM, et al. Prevalence, Severity, and Mortality Associated With Copd and Smoking In Patients With Covid-19: A Rapid Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):E0233147.32392262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. Covid-19, and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:20.32206052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pareek N. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 – United States, february 12-march 28, 2020. MMWR. 2020;69(13):382–386.32240123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garima S, Singh N. Fatality in COVID 19: an overview of causes of death and organ involvement. Int J Adv Med. 2020;7:1190–1193.
   Google Scholar
• Khunti K, Singh AK, Pareek M, Hanif W. Is ethnicity linked to incidence or outcomes of Covid-19? BMJ. 2020;369:M1548.32312785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pareek M, Bangash MN, Pareek N, et al. Ethnicity and Covid-19: an urgent public health research priority. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1421–1422.32330427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Situation Report September 20; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Who.Int/Docs/Default-Source/Coronaviruse/Situation-Reports/20200921-Weekly-Epi-Update-6.Pdf?Sfvrsn=D9cf9496_6. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Li L, Feng Z, et al. Comparative genetic analysis of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2 in different populations. Cell Dis. 2020;6:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic Characterization and Epidemiology Of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: implications For Virus Origins and Receptor Binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–574.32007145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an Overview Of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1282:1–23.25720466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Y, Grunewald M, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an Updated Overview Of Their Replication and Pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2203:1–29.32833200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J, Young D, Coupland C, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people. Heart. 2020;106(19):1503–1511.32737124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdi A, Abutheraa N, Akil L, Godman B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of renin-angiotensin system drugs and COVID-19 clinical outcomes: what is the evidence so far? Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2020;8(6):e00666. doi:10.1002/prp2.66633084232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Laboratory Testing For Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) In Suspected Human Cases: interim Guidance; 2020 Available from Https://Apps.Who.Int/Iris/Bitstream/Handle/10665/331329/Who-Covid-19-Laboratory-2020.4-Eng.Pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Amrane S, Tissot-Dupont H, Doudier B, et al. Rapid Viral Diagnosis and Ambulatory Management of Suspected Covid-19 Cases Presenting At The Infectious Diseases Referral Hospital In Marseille, France, - January 31 To March 1, 2020: A Respiratory Virus Snapshot. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;36:101632.32205269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan M, Khan H, Khan S, Nawaz M. Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics Of Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Cases At A Screening Clinic During The Early Outbreak Period: A Single-Center Study. J Med Microbiol. 2020;69(8):1114–1123.32783802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulska M, Nicolini LA, Signori A, et al. Tocilizumab and Steroid Treatment In Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):E0237831.32817707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Han M, Li T, et al. Effective Treatment Of Severe Covid-19 Patients With Tocilizumab. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(20):10970–10975.32350134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunleye OO, Basu D, Mueller D, et al. Response To The Novel Corona Virus (Covid-19) Pandemic Across Africa: successes, Challenges, and Implications For The Future. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:1205.33071775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin As A Treatment Of Covid-19: results Of An Open-Label Non-Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;105949.32205204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das S, Bhowmick S, Tiwari S, Sen S. An Updated Systematic Review Of The Therapeutic Role Of Hydroxychloroquine In Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19). Clin Drug Investig. 2020;40(7):591–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir In Adults With Severe Covid-19: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Plsbo-Controlled, Multicentre Trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1569–1578.32423584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug Treatments For Covid-19: living Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:M2980.32732190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frediansyah A, Nainu F, Dhama K, Mudatsir M, Harapan H. Remdesivir and Its Antiviral Activity Against Covid-19: A Systematic Review. Clin Epidemiol Glo Health. 2020. doi:10.1016/J.Cegh.2020.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JAC, Murthy S, Diaz JV, et al. Association Between Administration Of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With Covid-19: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA. 2020. doi:10.1001/Jama.2020.17023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horby P, Lim W, Emberson JR, et al. Dexamethasone In Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19 - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ldj B, Brodie D, Calfee CS. Severe Covid-19 Infections-Knowledge Gained and Remaining Questions. JAMA Intern Med. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinner C, Gottlieb R, Criner G, et al. Effect of Remdesivir Vs. Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days In Patients With Moderate Covid-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1048–1057.32821939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isac/Elsevier. Joint Isac and Elsevier Statement On Gautret et al. Paper [Pmid 32205204]; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Isac.World/News-and-Publications/Isac-Elsevier-Statement.
   Google Scholar
• International Society Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Official Statement From International Society Of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC) – Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as a Treatment Of Covid-19: results Of An Open-Label Non-Randomized Clinical Trial (Gautret P et al. Pmid 32205204). Available from: Https://Www.Isac.World/News-and-Publications/Official-Isac-Statement.
   Google Scholar
• Borba MGS, Almeida Val FF, Sampaio VS, et al. Chloroquine Diphosphate In Two Different Dosages As Adjunctive Therapy Of Hospitalized Patients With Severe Respiratory Syndrome In The Context Of Coronavirus (Sars-Cov-2) Infection: preliminary Safety Results Of A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Phase IIb Clinical Trial (Clorocovid-19 Study). Medrxiv Preprint. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Abena P, Decloedt E, Bottieau E, et al. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine For The Prevention Or Treatment Of Covid-19 In Africa: caution For Inappropriate Off-Label Use In Healthcare Settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(6):1184–1188.32323646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godman B. Combating Covid-19: lessons Learnt, Particularly Among Developing Countries and The Implications. Bangladesh J Med Sci. 2020;S103–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Discontinues Hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment Arms For Covid-19; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Who.Int/News-Room/Detail/04-07-2020-Who-Discontinues-Hydroxychloroquine-and-Lopinavir-Ritonavir-Treatment-Arms-For-Covid-19. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• BMJ Best Practice Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19); 2020 Available from: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000168/pdf/3000168/coronavirus%20disease%202019%20%28covid-19%29.pdf. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Littlejohn E. Hydroxychloroquine Use In The Covid-19 Patient. Clevel Clin J Med. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ECDC. Vaccines and Treatment Of Covid-19; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Ecdc.Europa.Eu/En/Covid-19/Latest-Evidence/Vaccines-And-Treatment.
   Google Scholar
• Chorin E, Wadhwani L, Magnani S, et al. QT Interval Prolongation and Torsade De Pointes In Patients With Covid-19 Treated With Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(9):1425–1433. doi:10.1016/J.Hrthm.2020.05.01432407884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gevers S, Msg K, Wijnans E, Van Nieuwkoop C. Safety Considerations For Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine In The Treatment Of Covid-19. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(9):1276–1277. doi:10.1016/J.Cmi.2020.05.00632422406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The US. FDA Cautions Against Use Of Hydroxychloroquine Or Chloroquine For Covid-19 Outside Of The Hospital Setting Or A Clinical Trial Due To Risk Of Heart Rhythm Problems. 2020 Available from Https://Www.Fda.Gov/Drugs/Drug-Safety-And-Availability/Fda-Cautions-Against-Use-Hydroxychloroquine-Or-Chloroquine-Covid-19-Outside-Hospital-Setting-Or. Accessed 107, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Recovery Trial. Statement From The Chief Investigators Of The Randomised Evaluation Of Covid-19 Therapy (Recovery) Trial On Lopinavir-Ritonavir, 2020. No Clinical Benefit From Use Of Lopinavir-Ritonavir In Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients Studied In Recovery; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Recoverytrial.Net/Files/Lopinavir-Ritonavir-Recovery-Statement-29062020_Final.Pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wang C. Response to Covid-19 In Taiwan: big Data Analytics, New Technology, and Proactive Testing. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1341–1342. doi:10.1001/Jama.2020.315132125371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khd T. Movement Control as An Effective Measure Against Covid-19 Spread in Malaysia: an Overview. Z Gesundh Wiss. 2020;1–4. doi:10.1007/S10389-020-01316-W
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoang VM, Hoang H, Khuong Q. Describing the Pattern of The Covid-19 Epidemic in Vietnam. Glob Health Action. 2020;13(1):1776526. doi:10.1080/16549716.2020.177652632588779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtemanche C, Garuccio J, Le A, Pinkston J, Yelowitz A. Strong Social Distancing Measures in The United States Reduced the Covid-19 Growth Rate. Health Aff. 2020;39(7):1237–1246. doi:10.1377/Hlthaff.2020.00608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng Y, Li Z, Chua Y, et al. Evaluation of The Effectiveness of Surveillance and Containment Measures for The First 100 Patients with Covid-19 In Singapore – January 2-February 29, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(11):307–311. doi:10.15585/Mmwr.Mm6911e132191691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hhp K, Wickramasinghe K, Rippin H, et al. Control of Non-Communicable Diseases in The Covid-19 Response. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1678–1680. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31067-932401713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas K, Van Zandvoort K, Clark A, et al. Lshtm Cmmid Covid-19 Working Group. Routine Childhood Immunization During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Africa: A Benefit-Risk Analysis Of Health Benefits Versus Excess Risk Of Sars-Cov-2 Infection. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(10):E1264–E1272. doi:10.1016/S2214-109x(20)30308-932687792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afriyie D, Asare G, Amponsah S, Godman B. Covid-19 Pandemic In Resource-Poor Countries: challenges, Experiences, and Opportunities In Ghana. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(8):838–843.32903226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedford J, Enria D, Giesecke J, et al. Covid-19: towards Controlling Of A Pandemic. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1015–1018.32197103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu DK, Akl E, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann H. Physical Distancing, Face Masks, and Eye Protection To Prevent Person-To-Person Transmission Of Sars-Cov-2 and Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet. 2020;395(10242):1973–1987.32497510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu A, et al. Quarantine Alone Or In Combination With Other Public Health Measures To Control Covid-19: A Rapid Review. Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2020;4:Cd013574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardaworld. Malaysia: government Closes Borders To All Foreigners Over Covid-19 Concerns March 18/Update 5; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Garda.Com/Crisis24/News-Alerts/323221/Malaysia-Government-Closes-Borders-To-All-Foreigners-Over-Covid-19-Concerns-March-18-Update-5. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gardaworld. Malaysia: prime Minister Extends Movement Control Order To April 14/Update 8; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Garda.Com/Crisis24/News-Alerts/326221/Malaysia-Prime-Minister-Extends-Movement-Control-Order-To-April-14-Update-8. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Exemplars In Global Health. Emerging Covid-19 Success Story: south Korea Learned The Lessons Of Mers; 2020 Available from: Https://Ourworldindata.Org/Covid-Exemplar-South-Korea. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Kim J-H, J A-r A, Min P-K, Bitton A, Gawande A. How South Korea Responded To The Covid-19 Outbreak In Daegu. N Engl J Med Catalyst. 2020;1(4):1–14. doi:10.1056/Cat.20.0159
   Google Scholar
• Pham Q, Rabaa M, Duong H, et al. The First 100 Days Of Sars-Cov-2 Control In Vietnam. Clin Infect Dis. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thwaites G, Rabaa M, Choisy M, Van Doorn R, Luong D, Emerging Covid-19 Success Story: vietnam’s Commitment To Containment; 2020 Available from: Https://Ourworldindata.Org/Covid-Exemplar-Vietnam. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ha BTT, Ngoc Quang L, Mirzoev T, Tai N, Thai P, Dinh P. Combating The Covid-19 Epidemic: experiences From Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2020;17(9):3125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu YF, Chien CS, Yarmishyn AA, et al. A Review Of Sars-Cov-2 and The Ongoing Clinical Trials. Int J Molec Sci. 2020;21(7):2657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury M, Rathod J, Gernsheimer J, Rapid Systematic A. Review Of Clinical Trials Utilizing Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine As A Treatment For Covid-19. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(6):493–504.32359203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A Systematic Review On The Efficacy and Safety Of Chloroquine For The Treatment Of Covid-19. J Critic Care. 2020;57:279–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford N, Vitoria M, Rangaraj A, Norris S, Calmy A, Doherty M. Systematic Review Of The Efficacy and Safety Of Antiretroviral Drugs Against Sars, Mers, Or Covid-19: initial Assessment. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(4):E25489.32293807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendran DK, Rajagopal V, Alagumanian S, Santhosh Kumar T, Sp SP, Kasilingam D. Systematic Literature Review On Novel Coronavirus Sars-Cov-2: A Threat To Human Era. Virus Disease. 2020;31(2):161–173.32656310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh A, Singh A, Singh R, Remdesivir MA. In Covid-19: A Critical Review Of Pharmacology, Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies. Diabeol Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):641–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy and Safety Of Current Therapeutic Options For Covid-19 - Lessons To Be Learnt From Sars and Mers Epidemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2020;157:104872.32360583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Singh A, Singh R, Misra A. Hydroxychloroquine In Patients With Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Diabeol Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccreary E, Angus D. Efficacy Of Remdesivir In Covid-19. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1041–1042.32821934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastick K, Okafor E, Wang F, et al. Review: hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine For Treatment Of Sars-Cov-2 (Covid-19). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(4):Ofaa130.32363212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam S, Lombardi A, Ouanounou A. Covid-19: A Review Of The Proposed Pharmacological Treatments. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;886:173451.32768505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khuroo MS. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Facts, Fiction, and The Hype: A Critical Appraisal. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(3):106101.32687949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak DSK, Daa S, Thivari DP, Pandey A, Nandy DK. Harish V K Ratna D, et al. No Benefit Of Hydroxychloroquine In Covid-19: results Of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials”. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;14(6):1673–1680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Das S, Jain A, Misra D, Negi V. A Systematic Review Of The Prophylactic Role Of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine In Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19). Int J Rheum Dis. 2020;23(5):613–619.32281213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Zhou P, Chen K, et al. Efficacy and Safety Of Antiviral Treatment For Covid-19 From Evidence In Studies Of Sars-Cov-2 and Other Acute Viral Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CMAJ. Canadian Med Assoc J. 2020;192(27):E734–E44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (Prisma-P) 2015 Statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.25554246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phrf A, Tbc S, De Assis Acurcio F, et al. Of Life Of Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Insulin Analog Glargine Compared With Nph Insulin: A Systematic Review and Policy Implications. Patient. 2018;11(4):377–389. doi:10.1007/S40271-017-0291-329322308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manoukian S, Stewart S, Dancer S, et al. Estimating Excess Length Of Stay Due To Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Of Statistical Methodology. J Hosp Infect. 2018;100(2):222–235. doi:10.1016/J.Jhin.2018.06.00329902486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva TBC, Phrf A, Araújo V, et al. Safety Of Insulin Glargine Versus Detemir Analysis In Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2018;9(8):241–254. doi:10.1177/204201881878141430181850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caires De Souza A. Insulin Glargine In A Brazilian State: should The Government Disinvest? An Assessment Based On A Systematic Review. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2014;12(1):19–32. doi:10.1007/S40258-013-0073-624385261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGregor SK. Energetics Based Modeling of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin Binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)Protein-ACE2 Complex. ChemRxiv. 2020. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12015792
   Google Scholar
• Boulware D, Pullen M, Bangdiwala A, et al. A Randomized Trial Of Hydroxychloroquine As Postexposure Prophylaxis For Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(6):517–525.32492293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Liu D, Liu L, et al. [A Pilot Study Of Hydroxychloroquine In Treatment of Patients With Moderate Covid-19]. J Zhejiang Univ Med Sci. 2020;49(2):215–219.
   Google Scholar
• Skipper C, Pastick K, Engen N, et al. Hydroxychloroquine In Nonhospitalized Adults With Early Covid-19: A Randomized Trial. Ann Int Med. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahévas M, Tran V, Roumier M, et al. Clinical Efficacy Of Hydroxychloroquine In Patients With Covid-19 Pneumonia Who Require Oxygen: observational Comparative Study Using Routine Care Data. BMJ. 2020;369:M1844.32409486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitjà O, Corbacho-Monné M, Ubals M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine For Early Treatment Of Adults With Mild Covid-19: A Randomized-Controlled Trial. Clin Infec Dis. 2020:Ciaa1009. doi:10.1093/Cid/Ciaa100932674126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magagnoli J, Narendran S, Pereira F, et al. Outcomes Of Hydroxychloroquine Usage In United States Veterans Hospitalized With Covid-19. Med (NY). 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cavalcanti A, Zampieri F, Rosa R, et al. Hydroxychloroquine With Or Without Azithromycin In Mild-To-Moderate Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;24. doi:10.1056/Nejmoa2019014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recovery Trial. No Clinical Benefit From Use Of Hydroxychloroquine In Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19. 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Recoverytrial.Net/News/Statement-From-The-Chief-Investigators-Of-The-Randomised-Evaluation-Of-Covid-19-Therapy-Recovery-Trial-On-Hydroxychloroquine-5-June-2020-No-Clinical-Benefit-From-Use-Of-Hydroxychloroquine-In-Hospitalised-Patients-With-Covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• Geleris J, Sun Y, Platt J, et al. Observational Study Of Hydroxychloroquine In Hospitalized Patients With Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(25):2411–2418.32379955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Khan A, Chowdhry M, Chatterjee A. Outcomes Of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment Among Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients In The United States-Real-World Evidence From A Federated Electronic Medical Record Network. Medrxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ip A, Da B, Hansen E, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab Therapy In Covid-19 Patients-An Observational Study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):E0237693.32790733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferner R, Aronson J. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine In Covid-19. BMJ. 2020;369:M1432.32269046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nga L, Phuong L, Anh P Hanoi Man Od’s On Rumored Malaria Drug Cure For Covid-19, 2020 Available from: Https://E.Vnexpress.Net/News/News/Hanoi-Man-Od-S-On-Rumored-Malaria-Drug-Cure-For-Covid-19-4073488.Html.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia P, Revet A, Yrondi A, Rousseau V, Degboe Y, Psychiatric Disorders MF. Hydroxychloroquine for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A VigiBase Study. Drug Safety. 2020;19:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Emmanuel S, Ostlundh L. Psychiatric adverse events with hydroxychloroquine during COVID-19 Pandemic. Asian J Psych. 2020;54(2020):102203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhm F, Berwanger O, Fonseca H, et al. Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe covid-19 in brazil (coalition ii): a randomized clinical trial. Lancet. 2020;S0140–6736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open-label, randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2020;369:M1849–M.32409561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C. A Multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of hydroxychloroquine and a retrospective study in adult patients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.07.08.20148841
   Google Scholar
• Molina J, Delaugerre C, Le Goff J, et al. No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe covid-19 infection. Med Malad Infect. 2020;50(4):384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Zhang Z. Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of covid-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093
   Google Scholar
• Andrew I, Ahn J, Zhou Y, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of outpatients with mildly symptomatic covid-19: a multicenter observational study. Medrxiv Infect Dis. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.08.20.20178772
   Google Scholar
• Guérin V, Lévy P, Thomas J-L, et al. Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate Covid-19. Asian J Med Health. 2020;18(7):45–555. doi:10.20944/Preprints202005
   Google Scholar
• Lagier JC, Million M, Gautret P, et al. Outcomes Of 3737 Covid-19 Patients Treated With Hydroxychloroquine/Azithromycin and Other Regimens In Marseille, France: A Retrospective Analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;36:101791. doi:10.1016/J.Tmaid.2020.10179132593867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad S, Kilgore P, Chaudhry Z, et al. Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination In Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19. Intern J Infect Dis. 2020;97:396–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Covid-19: results of A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758
   Google Scholar
• Million M, Lagier JC, Gautret P, et al. Early Treatment of Covid-19 Patients with Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Analysis of 1061 Cases in Marseille, France. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;35:101738. doi:10.1016/J.Tmaid.2020.10173832387409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, et al. Clinical and Microbiological Effect of a Combination of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin in 80 Covid-19 Patients with at Least A Six-Day Follow Up: A Pilot Observational Study. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101663. doi:10.1016/J.Tmaid.2020.10166332289548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nih. Nih Halts Clinical Trial Of Hydroxychloroquine. 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Nhlbi.Nih.Gov/News/2020/Nih-Halts-Clinical-Trial-Hydroxychloroquine. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Uzunova K, Filipova E, Pavlova V, Vekov T. Insights into antiviral mechanisms of remdesivir, lopinavir/ ritonavir, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine affecting the new SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131(2020):110668.32861965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung I, Lung K, Tso E, et al. Triple Combination Of Interferon Beta-1b, Lopinavir-Ritonavir, and Ribavirin In The Treatment Of Patients Admitted To Hospital With Covid-19: an Open-Label, Randomized, Phase 2 Trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10238):1695–1704.32401715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye X, Luo Y, Xia S, et al. Clinical Efficacy Of Lopinavir/Ritonavir In The Treatment Of Coronavirus Disease 2019. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(6):3390–3396.32271456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowale A, Abayomi A, Idris J, et al. Clinical Presentation, Case Management and Outcomes For The First 32 Covid-19 Patients In Nigeria. The Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35(Supp2):24. doi:10.11604/Pamj.Supp.2020.35.2.2326232341745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A Trial Of Lopinavir-Ritonavir In Adults Hospitalized With Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1787–1799.32187464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xie Z, Lin W, et al. Efficacy and Safety Of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Or Arbidol In Adult Patients With Mild/Moderate Covid-19: an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial. Med (NY). 2020. doi:10.1016/J.Medj.2020.04.001
   Google Scholar
• Deng L, Li C, Zeng Q, et al. Arbidol Combined With Lpv/R Versus Lpv/R Alone Against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Infect. 2020;81(1):E1–E5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen C, Xie Z, Li Y, et al. [Real-world efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir and arbidol in treating with covid-19: an observational cohort study]. Chinese J Intern Med. 2020;59:E012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with Sars-Cov-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–481. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-532105632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, et al. Favipiravir Versus Arbidol for Covid-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432.T
   Google Scholar
• Doi Y, Hibino M, Hase R. Randomized, Open-Label Trial of Early versus Late Favipiravir Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(12):e01897–1820.32958718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivashchenko AA, Dmitriev KA, Vostokova NV, et al. AVIFAVIR for treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19: interim results of a phase II/III multicenter randomized clinical trial. medRxiv. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, et al. Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir For Covid-19: An Open-Label Control Study. [Published Online Ahead of Print, 2020 March 18]. Engineering. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Yu K, Wang Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Triazavirin Therapy for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Engineering. 2020. doi:10.1016/J.Eng.2020.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lian N, Xie H, Lin S, Huang J, Zhao J, Lin Q. Umifenovir Treatment Is Not Associated with Improved Outcomes in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Study. Clin Microbiology Infect. 2020;26(2020):917e921.
   Google Scholar
• Lamontagne F, Agoritsas T, Macdonald H, et al. A living WHO guideline on drugs for covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m3379.32887691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian. ‘High Hopes’ Drug For Covid-19 Treatment Failed In Full Trial; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Msn.Com/En-Gb/News/Coronavirus/High-Hopes-Drug-For-Covid-19-Treatment-Failed-In-Full-Trial/Ar-Bb136z6g?Ocid=Spartandhp.
   Google Scholar
• Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, et al. Compassionate Use Of Remdesivir For Patients With Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2327–2336.32275812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Le D, et al. Remdesivir For The Treatment Of Covid-19 – Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2020. doi:10.1056/Nejmoa2007764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. Emergency Use Authorization (Eua) For Emergency Use Of Remdesivir For The Treatment Of Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Patients; 2020 Available: Https://Www.Fda.Gov/Media/137564/Download. Accessed 1215, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• UK Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Eams 11972/0001 Remdesivir 100 Mg Powder For Concentrate For Solution For Infusion; 2020 Available: Https://Www.Gov.Uk/Government/Publications/Early-Access-To-Medicines-Scheme-Eams-Scientific-Opinion-Remdesivir-In-The-Treatment-Of-Patients-Hospitalised-With-Suspected-Or-Laboratory-Confirme/Treatment-Protocol-For-Healthcare-Professionals_Eams-119720001-Remdesivir-100-Mg-Powder-For-Concentrate-For-Solution-For-Infusion.
   Google Scholar
• EMA. First Covid-19 Treatment Recommended For Eu Authorization; 2020 Available from: Https://Www.Ema.Europa.Eu/En/News/First-Covid-19-Treatment-Recommended-Eu-Authorisation.
   Google Scholar
• Dolin R, Hirsch MS. Remdesivir – An Important First Step. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(19):1886–1887. doi:10.1056/NEJMe201871532459913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charan J, Kaur RJ, Bhardwaj P, et al. Rapid review of suspected adverse drug events due to remdesivir in the WHO database; findings and implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2020. doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1856655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer O. Covid-19: remdesivir has little or no impact on survival, WHO trial shows. BMJ. 2020;371:m4057. doi:10.1136/bmj.m405733077424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne JA, Murthy S, Diaz JV, et al. Association between administration of systemic corticosteroids and mortality among critically ill patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2020;324(13):1330–1341.32876694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar J, Ferrando C, Martínez D, et al. Treatment for The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(3):267–276.32043986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corral L, Bahamonde A, Delasrevillas F, et al. Glucocovid: A Controlled Trial Of Methylprednisolone In Adults Hospitalized With Covid-19 Pneumonia. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.06.17.20133579
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Irastorza G, Pijoan J, Bereciartua E, et al. Second-Week Methylprednisolone Pulses Improve Prognosis In Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia: an Observational Comparative Study Using Routine Care Data. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):E0239401.32960899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman O, Trigonis R, Craft M, et al. Corticosteroid Use In Severely Hypoxemic Covid-19 Patients: an Observational Cohort Analysis Of Dosing Patterns and Outcomes In The Early Phase Of The Pandemic. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.07.29.20164277
   Google Scholar
• Colaneri M, Bogliolo L, Valsecchi P, et al. Tocilizumab for Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients: preliminary Results from SMAtteo COvid19 REgistry (SMACORE). Microorganisms. 2020;8(5):695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniati P, Piva S, Cattalini M, et al. Tocilizumab for The Treatment of Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia with Hyperinflammatory Syndrome and Acute Respiratory Failure: A Single-Center Study Of 100 Patients in Brescia, Italy. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(7):102568. doi:10.1016/J.Autrev.2020.10256832376398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciascia S, Aprà F, Baffa A, et al. Pilot Prospective Open, Single-Arm Multicentre Study on Off-Label Use of Tocilizumab in Patients with Severe Covid-19. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38(3):529–532.32359035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biran N, Ip A, Ahn J, et al. Tocilizumab Among Patients With Covid-19 In The Intensive Care Unit: A Multicentre Observational Study. Lancet Rheumatology. 2020;2(10):E603–E12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guaraldi G, Meschiari M, Cozzi-Lepri A. et al. Tocilizumab in Patients with Severe Covid-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(8):E474–E484. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30173-932835257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreno-Pérez O, Andres M, Leon-Ramirez J, et al. Experience with Tocilizumab in Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia After 80 Days of Follow-Up: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Autoimmun. 2020;16:102523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rossi N, Scarpazza C, Filippini C, et al. Early Use of Low Dose Tocilizumab in Patients with Covid-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study with A Complete Follow-Up. Eclinicalmedicine. 2020;25:100459. doi:10.1016/J.Eclinm.2020.10045932838235
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somers E, Eschenauer G, Troost JP, et al. Tocilizumab for Treatment of Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Covid-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020:Ciaa954. doi:10.1093/Cid/Ciaa95432651997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price C, Altice F, Shyr Y, et al. Tocilizumab Treatment for Cytokine Release Syndrome in Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients: survival and Clinical Outcomes. Chest. 2020;S0012-3692(20):31670–31676. doi:10.1016/J.Chest.2020.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Ruiz M, López-Medrano F. Tocilizumab for The Treatment of Adult Patients with Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia: A Single-Center Cohort Study. J Med Virol. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo P, Liu Y, Qiu L, Liu X, Liu D, Li J. Tocilizumab Treatment in Covid-19: A Single-Center Experience. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):814–818. doi:10.1002/Jmv.2580132253759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastroianni A, Greco S, Apuzzo G, et al. Subcutaneous Tocilizumab Treatment in Patients with Severe Covid-19-Related Cytokine Release Syndrome: an Observational Cohort Study. Eclinicalmedicine. 2020;24:100410. doi:10.1016/J.Eclinm.2020.10041032766535
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klopfenstein T, Zayet S, Lohse A, et al. Tocilizumab Therapy Reduced Intensive Care Unit Admissions and/or Mortality In Covid-19 Patients. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(5):397–400.32387320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Wang W, Hayek S, et al. Association Between Early Treatment with Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.1001/Jamainternmed.2020.6252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan S, Lai C, Huang H, Chang S. For Severe Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(3):10610ʹ.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knorr J, Colomy V, Mauriello C, Ha S. Tocilizumab in Patients with Severe Covid-19: A Single-Center Observational Analysis. J Med Virol. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kewan T, Covut F, Al-Jaghbeer M, Rose L, Gopalakrishna K, Akbik B. Tocilizumab For Treatment Of Patients With Severe Covid-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Eclinicalmedicine. 2020;24:100418. doi:10.1016/J.Eclinm.2020.10041832766537
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campochiaro C, Della-Torre E, Cavalli G, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Tocilizumab in Severe Covid-19 Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:43–49. doi:10.1016/J.Ejim.2020.05.02132482597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morena V, Milazzo L, Oreni L, et al. Off-Label Use of Tocilizumab for The Treatment Of Sars-Cov-2 Pneumonia In Milan, Italy. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:36–42. doi:10.1016/J.Ejim.2020.05.01132448770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimland C, Morgan C, Bell G, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Early Outcomes In Patients With Covid-19 Treated With Tocilizumab At A United States Academic Center. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.20100404
   Google Scholar
• Salvarani C, Dolci G, Massari M, et al. Effect of Tocilizumab Vs. Standard Care On Clinical Worsening In Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020. doi:10.1001/Jamainternmed.2020.6615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tleyjeh IM, Kashour Z, Damlaj M, et al. Efficacy and safety of tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: a living systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;S1198-743X(20):30690. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samad N, Sodunke TE, Banna HA, et al. Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Management of COVID-19: perspectives and Deployment in the Current Global Pandemic. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:2707–2728. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S28138833262668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan K, Liu B, Li C, et al. Effectiveness of Convalescent Plasma Therapy In Severe Covid-19 Patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(17):9490–9496. doi:10.1073/Pnas.200416811732253318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasheed A, Ftak D, Hashim H, Maulood MF. The Therapeutic Effectiveness of Convalescent Plasma Therapy On Treating Covid-19 Patients Residing In Respiratory Care Units In Hospitals In Baghdad, Iraq. Medrxiv. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.06.24.20121905
   Google Scholar
• Salazar E, Perez K, Ashraf M, et al. Treatment Of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Patients With Convalescent Plasma. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(8):1680–1690. doi:10.1016/J.Ajpath.2020.05.01432473109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabelo-Da-Ponte F, Silvello D, Scherer J, Ayala A, Klamt F. Convalescent Plasma Therapy In Patients With Severe Or Life-Threatening Covid-19: A Metadata Analysis. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(9):1575.32777038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal A, Mukherjee A, Kumar G, et al. Convalescent Plasma in The Management Of Moderate Covid-19 In India: an Open-Label Parallel-Arm Phase II Multicentre Randomized Controlled Trial (Placid Trial). BMJ. 2020;371:M3939. doi:10.1136/Bmj.M393933093056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King A, Vail A, O’Leary C, et al. Anakinra in COVID-19: important considerations for clinical trials. Lancet Rheumatology. 2020. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30160-0
   Google Scholar
• Cavalli G, De Luca G, Campochiaro C, et al. Interleukin-1 Blockade with High-Dose Anakinra In Patients With Covid-19, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Hyperinflammation: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(6):E325–E331. doi:10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30127-232501454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haque M. The COVID-19 pandemic - a global public health crisis: a brief overview regarding pharmacological interventions. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2020;20(supp1):e0146 10.1590/pboci.2020.137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh TU, Parida S, Lingaraju MC, Kesavan M, Kumar D, Singh RK. Drug repurposing approach to fight COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep. 2020 Dec;72(6):1479–1508. doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00155-6. Epub 2020 Sep 5. PMID: 32889701; PMCID: PMC7474498.32889701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultana J, Crisafulli S, Gabbay F, Lynn E, Shakir S, Trifirò G. Challenges for Drug Repurposing in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Nov 6;11:588654–E331. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.588654. PMID: 33240091; PMCID: PMC7677570.33240091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar