Persistent Low-Level Viremia is an Independent Risk Factor for Virologic Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study in China

References

• Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(13):853–860. doi:10.1056/NEJM1998032633813019516219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V. Gene therapy with CRISPR/Cas9 coming to age for HIV cure. AIDS Rev. 2017;19(3):167–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leierer G, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Steuer A, et al. Factors associated with low-level viraemia and virological failure: results from the Austrian HIV cohort study. PLoS One. 2015;10(11):e0142923. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.014292326566025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Gasco P, Maida I, Blanco F, et al. Episodes of low-level viral rebound in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: frequency, predictors and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61(3):699–704. doi:10.1093/jac/dkm51618192682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryom L, Boesecke C, Bracchi M, et al. Highlights of the 2017 European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Guidelines for the treatment of adult HIV-positive persons version 9.0. HIV Med. 2018;19(5):309–315. doi:10.1111/hiv.1260029493093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Sorstedt E, Nilsson S, Blaxhult A, et al. Viral blips during suppressive antiretroviral treatment are associated with high baseline HIV-1 RNA levels. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:305. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1628-627329293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joya C, Won SH, Schofield C, et al. Persistent low-level viremia while on antiretroviral therapy is an independent risk factor for virologic failure. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(12):2145–2152. doi:10.1093/cid/ciz12930785191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryscavage P, Kelly S, Li JZ, Harrigan PR, Taiwo B. Significance and clinical management of persistent low-level viremia and very-low-level viremia in HIV-1-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(7):3585–3598. doi:10.1128/AAC.00076-1424733471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore A, Youle M, Lipman M, et al. Raised viral load in patients with viral suppression on highly active antiretroviral therapy: transient increase or treatment failure? AIDS. 2002;16:615–618. doi:10.1097/00002030-200203080-0001311873005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leierer G, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Steuer A, et al. A single quantifiable viral load is predictive of virological failure in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy: the Austrian HIV cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(2):ofw089. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw08927419163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greub G, Cozzi-Lepri A, Ledergerber B, et al. Intermittent and sustained low-level HIV viral rebound in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2002;16:1967–1969. doi:10.1097/00002030-200209270-0001712351960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterbrook P, Ives N, Waters A, et al. The natural history and clinical significance of intermittent viraemia in patients with initial viral suppression to < 400 copies/mL. AIDS. 2002;16:1521–1527.12131190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esber A, Polyak C, Kiweewa F, et al. Persistent low-level viremia predicts subsequent virologic failure: is it time to change the third 90? Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(5):805–812. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy98930462188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson AC, Younger SR, Martin JN, et al. Immunologic and virologic evolution during periods of intermittent and persistent low-level viremia. AIDS. 2004;18(7):981–989. doi:10.1097/00002030-200404300-0000515096800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang FJ. China Free ART Manual. Beijing: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Grennan JT, Loutfy MR, Su D, et al. Magnitude of virologic blips is associated with a higher risk for virologic rebound in HIV-infected individuals: a recurrent events analysis. J Infect Dis. 2012;205(8):1230–1238. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis10422438396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiwo B, Gallien S, Aga E, et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients experiencing persistent low-level viremia during first-line therapy. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(4):515–520. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir35321791652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenhende MA, Ingle S, May M, et al.; Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Impact of low-level viremia on clinical and virological outcomes in treated HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2015;29(3):373–383.25686685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans LE, Moorhouse M, Carmona S, et al. Effect of HIV-1 low-level viraemia during antiretroviral therapy on treatment outcomes in WHO-guided South African treatment programmes: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(2):188–197. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30681-329158101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Ding H, An M, et al. Factors associated with high-risk low-level viremia leading to virologic failure: 16-year retrospective study of a Chinese antiretroviral therapy cohort. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4837-y32066392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen GJ, Sun HY, Chang SY, et al. Incidence and impact of low-level viremia among people living with HIV who received protease inhibitor- or dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105:147–151. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.04533592339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlir D, Bassett R, Levitan D, et al. Prevalence and predictive value of intermittent viremia with Combination HIV therapy. JAMA. 2001;286:171–179. doi:10.1001/jama.286.2.17111448280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stosor V, Palella F, Berzins B, et al. Transient viremia in HIV-infected patients and use of plasma preparation tubes. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;41:1671–1674. doi:10.1086/498025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nettles RE, Kieffer TL, Kwon P, et al. Intermittent HIV-1 viremia (Blips) and drug resistance in patients receiving HAART. JAMA. 2005;293(7):817–829. doi:10.1001/jama.293.7.81715713771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones LE, Perelson AS. Opportunistic infection as a cause of transient viremia in chronically infected HIV patients under treatment with HAART. Bull Math Biol. 2005;67(6):1227–1251. doi:10.1016/j.bulm.2005.01.00616023709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Günthard H, Wong J, Spina C, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination on viral replication and immune response in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:522–531. doi:10.1086/31526010669335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiwo B, Hunt P, Gandhi R, et al. CD8+ T-cell activation in HIV-1–infected patients experiencing transient low-level viremia during antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63:101. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182895af423392463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming J, Mathews WC, Rutstein RM, et al. Low-level viremia and virologic failure in persons with HIV infection treated with antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2019;33(13):2005–2012. doi:10.1097/QAD.000000000000230631306175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldarelli F, Palmer S, King MS, et al. ART suppresses plasma HIV-1 RNA to a stable set point predicted by pretherapy viremia. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3(4):e46. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.003004617411338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano M, Nicastri E, Pirillo M, et al. Residual viraemia in subjects with chronic HIV infection and viral load < 50 copies/mL: the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2005;19:1843–1847.16227792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar