COVID-19, HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis, Disseminated Tuberculosis and Acute Ischaemic Stroke: A Fatal Foursome

References

• Alhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Al Alawi Z, et al. Coinfections with bacteria, fungi, and respiratory viruses in patients with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathogens. 2021;10(7):809. doi:10.3390/pathogens1007080934202114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansbury L, Lim B, Baskaran V, Lim WS. Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(2):266–275. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.04632473235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Ge Y, Wu T, et al. Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases. Virus Res. 2020;285:198005. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.19800532408156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musuuza JS, Watson L, Parmasad V, Putman-Buehler N, Christensen L, Safdar N. Prevalence and outcomes of co-infection and superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251170. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.025117033956882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford N, Meintjes G, Calmy A, et al. Managing advanced HIV disease in a public health approach. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(Suppl 2):S106–SS110. doi:10.1093/cid/cix113929514232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osler M, Hilderbrand K, Goemaere E, et al. The continuing burden of advanced HIV disease over 10 years of increasing antiretroviral therapy coverage in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(Suppl 2):S118–S125. doi:10.1093/cid/cix114029514233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J, Bangdiwala AS, Cresswell FV, et al. The changing epidemiology of HIV-Associated adult meningitis, Uganda 2015–2017. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(10):ofz419. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz41931660375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutakingirwa MK, Cresswell FV, Kwizera R, et al. Tuberculosis in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis is associated with an increased risk of death. J Clin Med. 2020;9(3):781. doi:10.3390/jcm9030781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Domenech CM, Pérez-Hernández I, Gómez-Ayerbe C, Viciana Ramos I, Palacios-Muñoz R, Santos J. A pandemic within other pandemics. when a multiple infection of a host occurs: SARS-CoV-2, HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Viruses. 2021;13(5):931. doi:10.3390/v1305093134067925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhardt SW, Spec A, Meléndez J, et al. AIDS-defining illnesses at initial diagnosis of HIV in a large Guatemalan cohort. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4):ofx249. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx24929308405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jassat W, Cohen C, Tempia S, et al. Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(9):e554–e567.34363789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolossa T, Tsegaye R, Shiferaw S, et al. Survival from a triple co-infection of COVID-19, HIV, and tuberculosis: a case report. Int Med Case Rep J. 2021;14:611–615. doi:10.2147/IMCRJ.S32638334512043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Liu M, Chen Y, Shi S, Geng J, Tian J. Association between tuberculosis and COVID-19 severity and mortality: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):194–196. doi:10.1002/jmv.2631132687228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visca D, Ong CWM, Tiberi S, et al. Tuberculosis and COVID-19 interaction: a review of biological, clinical and public health effects. Pulmonology. 2021;27(2):151–165. doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.12.01233547029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadolini M, Codecasa LR, García-García JM, et al. Active tuberculosis, sequelae and COVID-19 co-infection: first cohort of 49 cases. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(1):2001398. doi:10.1183/13993003.01398-202032457198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia. 2020;185;599–606.32737747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-732007143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–481. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-532105632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler P, Cornely OA, Böttiger BW, et al. COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Mycoses. 2020;63(6):528–534. doi:10.1111/myc.1309632339350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanem H, Sivasubramanian G. Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient after COVID-19 infection. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2021;2021:e5597473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasingham R, Smith RM, Park BJ, et al. Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):873–881. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30243-828483415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nannoni S, de Groot R, Bell S, Markus HS. Stroke in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2021;16(2):137–149. doi:10.1177/174749302097292233103610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal G, Lippi G, Michael Henry B. Cerebrovascular disease is associated with an increased disease severity in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis of published literature. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(4):385–389. doi:10.1177/174749302092166432310015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakeri A, Jadhav AP, Sullenger BA, Nimjee SM. Ischemic stroke in COVID-19-positive patients: an overview of SARS-CoV-2 and thrombotic mechanisms for the neurointerventionalist. J Neurointerventional Surg. 2021;13(3):202–206. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar