Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East

References

• Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. 2007 guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35:S65–S164. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Healthcare-associated infections FACT SHEET. Available from: https://www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/gpsc_ccisc_fact_sheet_en.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Shami HZ, Al-Haimi MA. Nosocomial infections in six major hospitals in Sana’a capital city and in some governorates in Yemen. Apple Microbiol Open Access. 2018;4:2.
   Google Scholar
• Zaragoza R, Vidal-Cortés P, Aguilar G, et al. Update of the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in the ICU. Critical Care. 2020;24(1):1–3. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03091-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Pasquale M, Aliberti S, Mantero M, Bianchini S, Blasi F. Non-intensive care unit acquired pneumonia: a new clinical entity? Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(3):287. doi:10.3390/ijms17030287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micek ST, Chew B, Hampton N, Kollef MH. A case-control study assessing the impact of nonventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia on patient outcomes. Chest. 2016;150(5):1008–1014. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baier C, Linke L, Eder M, et al. Incidence, risk factors and healthcare costs of central line-associated nosocomial bloodstream infections in hematologic and oncologic patients. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock SJ, Parkhill J, Brown NM. Changing the paradigm for hospital outbreak detection by leading with genomic surveillance of nosocomial pathogens. Microbiology. 2018;164(10):1213–1219. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian L, Sun Z, Zhang Z. Antimicrobial resistance of pathogens causing nosocomial bloodstream infection in Hubei Province, China, from 2014 to 2016: a multicenter retrospective study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6013-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel SO, Kayode OO, Musa OI, et al. Nosocomial infections and the challenges of control in developing countries. African J Clin Exp Microbiol. 2010;11. doi:10.4314/ajcem.v11i2.53916
   Google Scholar
• Shinde MB, Mohite VR. A study to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of five moments of hand hygiene among nursing staff and students at a tertiary care hospital at Karad. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3:311–321.
   Google Scholar
• Ma YX, Wang CY, Li YY, et al. Considerations and caveats in combating ESKAPE pathogens against nosocomial infections. Adv Sci. 2020;7(1):1901872. doi:10.1002/advs.201901872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medecins Sans Frontiers. Antibiotic resistance in the Middle East: lessons learned in the prevention and treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Conference in Amman, Jordan; 2014. Available from: https://www.reactgroup.org/uploads/news/2014-MSF-Conference-on-ABR-in-the-Middle-East.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Benassi A. A qualitative analysis of pharmacists’ attitudes and practices regarding the sale of antibiotics without prescription in Syria. J Taibah Univ Medical Sci. 2015;10:227–233.
   Google Scholar
• Mansour O, Al-Kayali R. Community pharmacistsꞌ role in controlling bacterial antibiotic resistance in Aleppo, Syria. Iran J Pharm Res. 2017;16:1612.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardi W, Giubbini G, Laurenti P. Surveillance and control of antibiotic resistance in the Mediterranean region. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2016;8:e2016036. doi:10.4084/mjhid.2016.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance; 2014. Available from: https://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/. Accessed February 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Zakai SA. Antibiotic resistance in Saudi Arabia and some Middle Eastern countries: current status. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2019;13:151–157. doi:10.5897/AJMR2019.9048
   Google Scholar
• Reyes K, Bardossy AC, Zervos M. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: epidemiology, infection prevention, and control. Infect Dis Clin. 2016;30:953–965. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufariello JM, Lowy FD, Kaplan SL. Infection Due to Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Pathogenesis. Waltham, MA: UpToDate; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Iyer A, Kumosani T, Azhar E, Barbour E, Harakeh S. High incidence rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8:372–378. doi:10.3855/jidc.3589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalini S, Vidyasree MD, Abiselvi A, Gopalakrishnan S. Impact and effect of nosocomial infections: a review. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2015;6:947–951.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal VD, Belkebir S, Zand F, et al. Six-year multicenter study on short-term peripheral venous catheters-related bloodstream infection rates in 246 intensive units of 83 hospitals in 52 cities of 14 countries of Middle East: Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, Palestine, Sudan, Tunisia, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates—International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) findings. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(8):1134–1141. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divatia JV, Pulinilkunnathil JG, Myatra SN. Nosocomial infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia in cancer patients. Oncol Crit Care. 2020;1419–1439. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_125
   Google Scholar
• Edwardson S, Cairns C. Nosocomial infections in the ICU. Anaesthes Intensive Care Med. 2019;20(1):14–18. doi:10.1016/j.mpaic.2018.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikulin-Kulinski K. Physical Therapy Clinical Handbook for PTAs. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Haddadin Y, Annamaraju P, Regunath H. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI). StatPearls; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Khan HA, Baig FK, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections: epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7:478–482. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar F, Sattar Z, Mohsin Zaman SA, Akbar S. Frequency of postoperative surgical site infections in a Tertiary care hospital in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Cureus. 2019;11. doi:10.7759/cureus.4243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller F. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists. 2018:1–6. Available from: https://www.wfsahq.org/components/com_virtual_library/media/5e63c8f14e8a46c186bb0f73eafa2950-atow-382-00-01.pdf. Accessed February 9, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Ghauri MI, Razzaque S, Jamali A, Mohammad JS. Ventilator associated pneumonia; prevalence and microbial patterns. PCM. 2015;20. Available from: https://www.pjcm.net/index.php/pjcm/article/view/42/40. Accessed February 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Nasiri MJ, Goudarzi AM, Aslani HR, Goudarzi M, Zamani S, AdinehKharrat S. Nosocomial infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria in a Referral University Hospital, Tehran, Iran. NBM. 2019;7:64–70.
   Google Scholar
• Al Samawi MS, Khan FY, Eldeeb Y, et al. Acinetobacter infections among adult patients in Qatar: a 2-year hospital-based study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2016;2016:1–5. doi:10.1155/2016/6873689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja’a YA, Salam AR, Salih YA, et al. Rate and risk factors of surgical site infections with antibiotic prophylaxis. Saudi Med J. 2002;23:672–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasser AM, Zhang X, Yang L, Sawafta FJ, Salah B. Assessment of surgical site infections from signs & symptoms of the wound and associated factors in public hospitals of Hodeidah City, Yemen. Int J Appl. 2013;3:101. doi:10.18332/tid/109227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piso RJ, Käch R, Pop R, et al. A cross-sectional study of colonization rates with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in four Swiss refugee centres. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0170251. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Harirah HA, Faris NS, Gomaa AM. Point prevalence of nosocomial infection in the three main public hospitals in Jordan. Rev Res. 2016;6:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Esfahani BN, Basiri R, Mirhosseini SM, Moghim S, Dolatkhah S. Nosocomial infections in intensive care unit: pattern of antibiotic-resistance in Iranian community. Adv Biomed Res. 2017;6:54.
   Google Scholar
• Iyer AP, Baghallab I, Albaik M, Kumosani T. Nosocomial Infections in Saudi Arabia Caused by Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). Clinical Microbiology: Open Access. OMICS International; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Awaysheh MM. Surgical site infections in a tertiary referral hospital in Amman: causative bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility. Jordan J Biol Sci Short Commun. 2018;11(2):231–233.
   Google Scholar
• Elgonda A. Candida auris: an emerging antibiotic-resistant threat. Public Health Rev. 2021;4(1). Available from: https://pubs.lib.umn.edu/index.php/phr/article/view/3912/2879. Accessed February 15, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Paul RA, et al. Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: analysis of risk factors. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(6):1794–1801. doi:10.1093/jac/dkx034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Rahmany D, Albeloushi A, Alreesi I, et al. Exploring bacterial resistance in Northern Oman, a foundation for implementing evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship program. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;83:77–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2019.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouri F, Karami P, Zarei O, et al. Prevalence of common nosocomial infections and evaluation of antibiotic resistance patterns in patients with secondary infections in Hamadan, Iran. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:2365. doi:10.2147/IDR.S259252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halwani MA, Baha A, Arabia S, et al. Incidence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in Jeddah’s Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia. Adv Microbiol. 2015;5:780. doi:10.4236/aim.2015.512082
   Google Scholar
• Al-Gethamy MM, Faidah HS, Adetunji HA, et al. Risk factors associated with multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infections at a tertiary care hospital in Makkah, Saudi Arabia-a matched case-control study. J Int Med Res. 2017;45:1181–1189. doi:10.1177/0300060517706284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar