Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Bacterial Spectrum Among Patients with External Eye Infections at Menelik II Referral Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

References

• Belyhun Y, Moges F, Endris M, et al. Ocular bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance patterns in patients attending Gondar Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):597–603. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3705-y
   Google Scholar
• Sherwal BL, Verma AK. Epidemiology of ocular infection due to bacteria and fungus: a prospective study. JK Sci. 2008;10(3):127–131.
   Google Scholar
• Getahun E, Gelaw B, Assefa A, Assefa Y, Amsalu A. Bacterial pathogens associated with external ocular infections alongside the eminent proportion of multidrug-resistant isolates at the University of Gondar Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol. 2017;17(1):151–160. doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0548-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesfaye T, Beyene G, Gelaw Y, Bekele S, Saravanan M. Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of external ocular infections in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Am J Infect Dis Microbiol. 2013;1(1):13–20.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong RA. The microbiology of the eye. Ophthal Physiol Opt. 2000;20(6):429–441. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2000.tb01121.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzahrani SM, Al-Ghamdi SA, Abdelaal AM, Abbas EA, Khan MA, Al-Amri AW. The bacterial spectrum of external ocular infections: prevalence and associated in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Adv Res. 2018;6(1):869–878. doi:10.21474/IJAR01/6296
   Google Scholar
• Wang N, Yang Q, Tan Y, Lin L, Huang Q, Wu K. Bacterial spectrum and antibiotic resistance patterns of ocular infection: differences between external and intraocular diseases. J Ophthalmol. 2015;1(1):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Shivakumar C, Meenakshi R, Lionalraj D. Etiology and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of community-acquired bacterial ocular infections in a tertiary eye care hospital in south India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010;58(6):497–507. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.71678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcox M. Review of resistance of ocular isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci from keratitis to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and cephalosporins; Vision CRC, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Clin Exp Optom. 2011;94(2):161–168. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00536.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahaby AF, Alharthi AA, Tarras AE. Potential bacterial pathogens of red-eye infections and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Taif, KSA. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2015;4(11):383–393.
   Google Scholar
• Shiferaw B, Gelaw B, Assefa A, Assefa Y, Addis Z. Bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients with external ocular infections at Borumeda hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015;15(1):103–110. doi:10.1186/s12886-015-0078-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertino JS. Impact of antibiotic resistance in the management of ocular infections: the role of current and future antibiotics. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3(1):507–521. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S5778
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanco C, Nunez MX. Antibiotic susceptibility of staphylococci isolates from patients with chronic conjunctivitis: including associated factors and clinical evaluation. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2013;29(9):803–808. doi:10.1089/jop.2013.0040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assefa Y, Moges F, Endris M, et al. Bacteriological profile and drug susceptibility patterns in dacryocystitis patients attending Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015;15(1):34–41. doi:10.1186/s12886-015-0016-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubani UA. Bacteriology of external ocular infections in Aba: South Eastern, Nigeria. Clin Exp Optom. 2009;92(6):482–489. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2009.00425.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown L. Resistance to eye antibiotics: an overview. Clin Exp Optom. 2007;90(4):258–262. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2007.00154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman ZA, Harun A, Hasan H, et al. Eye surface infections in the northeastern State of Malaysia: a 10-year review of Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility. Ey Con Len. 2013;39(5):355–360. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e3182a3026b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton CW. Dead bugs do not mutate Susceptibility issues in the emergence of bacterial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(1):10–16. doi:10.3201/eid0901.020172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynor BD, Chidambaram JD, Cevallos V, et al. Topical eye antibiotics induce bacterial resistance at extraocular sites. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005;89(1):1097–1099. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.068981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umamageswari S, Jeya M, Suja C. Study of a bacterial and fungal profile of external Eye infections in a tertiary care hospital. Nation J Lab Med. 2013;2(3):6–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bitew A, Siraj M, Teklebirhan G. Clinical and microbiological profile of keratitis in Menelik II Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. EC Microbiol. 2018;14(4):173–180.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma S. Diagnosis of infectious diseases of the eye. Eye. 2012;26(2):177–184. doi:10.1038/eye.2011.275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing. 27th ed. Vol. 37. Pennsylvania, USA: CLSI supplement M100; 2017:M02–A12.
   Google Scholar
• The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. EUCAST guide. Version 8.1; 2018. Available from: http://www.eucast.org. Accessed February 22, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Magiorakos A, Srinivasan A, Carey R, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pan drug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teweldemedhin M, Saravanan M, Gebreyesus A, Gebreegziabiher D. Eye bacterial infections at Quiha Ophthalmic Hospital, Northern Ethiopia: an evaluation according to the risk factors and the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):207–216. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2304-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aklilu A, Bitew A, Dessie W, et al. Prevalence and drug susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens from ocular infection in St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Ethiopia. J Bacteriol Mycol. 2018;5(8):1085–1093.
   Google Scholar
• Muluye D, Wondimeneh Y, Moges F, Nega T, Ferede G. Types and drug susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from eye discharge samples at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):292–296. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-292
   Google Scholar
• Amsalu A, Abebe T, Mihret A, Delelegne D, Tadesse E. Potential bacterial pathogens of external ocular infections and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern at Hawassa University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Afr J of Microbiol Res. 2015;9(14):1012–1119. doi:10.5897/AJMR2014.7282
   Google Scholar
• Rajesh S, Divya B, Aruna V. Microbiological profile of external ocular infections in a tertiary care hospital in South India. Int J Curr Microbiol. 2017;6(7):4343–4352. doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.452
   Google Scholar
• Green M, Apel A, Stapleton F. Risk factors and causative organisms in microbial keratitis: epidemiology of keratitis in Queensland, Australia. Cornea. 2008;27(1):22–27. doi:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318156caf2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TY, Yeh LK, Ma DH, et al. Risk factors and microbiological features of patients hospitalized for microbial keratitis: a 10-Year Study in a referral centre in Taiwan. Medicine. 2015;94(43):1–6. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy JC, MurthY SI, Reddy AK, Garg P. Risk factors and clinical outcomes of bacterial and fungal scleritis at a tertiary eye care hospital. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015;22(2):203–211. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.150634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aweke T, Dibaba G, Ashenafi K, Kebede M. Bacterial pathogens of exterior ocular infections and their antibiotic vulnerability pattern in Southern Ethiopia. Afr J Immun Res. 2014;1(2):19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Deguchi H, Kitazawa K, Kayukawa K, et al. The trend of resistance to antibiotics for eye infection of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, &Corynebacterium compared with 10-years previous: a retrospective observational study. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):1–10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semanyenzi SE, Abahuje S. normal conjunctival flora as seen in adult patients at Kigali university teaching hospital. RMJ. 2013;70(2):22–24.
   Google Scholar
• Ipe A, Navaneetha N, Skariah R. Profile of patients with ocular infections attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care centre in South India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016;4(7):3027–3031.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiao C, Sun C, Yeh L, et al. Shifting trends in bacterial keratitis in Taiwan: a 10-year review in a tertiary-care hospital. Cornea. 2016;35(3):313–317. doi:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natoli S, Fontana C, Favaro M, et al. Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from blood with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides and therapeutic options. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9:83. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghadoost D, Khorshidi A. Antibiotic resistance patterns of ocular surface bacterial flora at Martini hospital Iran. Iran J Clin Infect Dis. 2007;2(3):133–137.
   Google Scholar
• Mshangila B, Paddy M, Kajumbula H, Ateenyi-Agaba C, Kahwa B, Seni J. External ocular surface bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pre-operative cataract patients at Mulago National Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Ophthalmol. 2013;13(1):71–76. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-13-71
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DF. Detection of methicillin/oxacillin resistance in staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48(Suppl S1):65–70. doi:10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Hsia C, Yeh L, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus ocular infection in Taiwan. Medicine. 2015;94(42):1–8. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000001620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vola ME, Moriyama AS, Lisboa R, et al. Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in ocular infections. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2013;76(6):350–353. doi:10.1590/S0004-27492013000600006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar