High Levels of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage Among Healthcare Workers at a Teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa Ethiopia: First Evidence Using mecA Detection

References

• Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):603–661. doi:10.1128/CMR.00134-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calfee DP, Salgado CD, Milstone AM, et al. Strategies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(7):772–796. doi:10.1086/676534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaghloul MZ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Med Microb Diagn. 2016;5:2. doi:10.4172/2161-0703.1000e131
   Google Scholar
• Shariati A, Dadashi M, Moghadam MT, van Belkum A, Yaslianifard S, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Global prevalence and distribution of vancomycin resistant, vancomycin intermediate and heterogeneously vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(12689). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69058-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen AF, Wessel CB, Rao N. Staphylococcus aureus screening and decolonization in orthopaedic surgery and reduction of surgical site infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:2383–2399. doi:10.1007/s11999-013-2875-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao N, Cannella B, Crossett LS, Yates AJ Jr, McGough R, A preoperative decolonization protocol for Staphylococcus aureus prevents orthopaedic infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008;466:1343–1348. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0225-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago L, Cappelletti L, Lamartina C, Berjano P, Mattina R, De Vecchi E. Colonization by methicillin resistant Staphylococci of nares and skin in healthcare workers: a pilot study in spinal surgeries. Injury. 2015;46(S8):S77–S80. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(15)30059-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari M, Devi S, Agarwal P, Malhotra VL. Screening of health care workers for nasal and hand carriage of multi-drug resistant organisms in a teaching hospital in Rural Haryana, India. IJSR. 2014;3(11):369–371.
   Google Scholar
• Knahal R, Sah P, Lamichhane P, Lamsal A, Upadhaya S, Pahwa VK. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at a tertiary care hospital in Western Nepal. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4:39. doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0082-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verwer PE, Robinson JO, Coombs GW, et al. Prevalence of nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in healthcare workers in a Western Australian acute care hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:1067–1072. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1408-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorim ML, Vasconcelos C, Oliveira DC, et al. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization among patients and healthcare workers in a Portuguese hospital: a pre-intervention study toward the control of MRSA. Microb Drug Resist. 2009;15(1):19–26. doi:10.1089/mdr.2009.0881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibabaw A, Abebe T, Mihret A. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Dessie Referral Hospital health care workers; Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2013;2:25. doi:10.1186/2047-2994-2-25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebreyesus A, Gebre-Selassie S, Mihert A. Nasal and hand carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among health care workers in Mekelle Hospital, North Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J. 2013;51(1):41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Price JR, Cole K, Bexley A, et al.; The Modernising Medical Microbiology Informatics Group. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between health-care workers, the environment, and patients in an intensive care unit: a longitudinal cohort study based on whole-genome sequencing. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:207–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2018). Methods for Dilution of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. 7th ed. CLSI document M7-A7. Wayne, PA, USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards 671 Institute; 2018
   Google Scholar
• Saadat S, Solhjoo K, Norooz-Nejad MJ, Kazemi A. VanA and VanB positive vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among clinical isolates in Shiraz, South of Iran. Oman Med J. 2014;29(5):335–339. doi:10.5001/omj.2014.90
   Google Scholar
• Albrich WC, Harbarth S. Healthcare workers: source, vector or victim of MRSA. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:289–301. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70097-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley S, Immerman I, Hutzler L, Slover J, Bosco J. Staphylococcus aureus decolonization protocol decreases surgical site infections for total joint replacement. Arthritis. 2010;2010:1–4. doi:10.1155/2010/924518
   Google Scholar
• Legesse H, Kahsay AG, Kahsay A, et al. Nasal carriage of, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers in Adigrat and Wukro hospitals, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):250. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3353-2
   Google Scholar
• Abimana JB, Kato CD, Bazira J. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among health care workers at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Southwestern Uganda. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2019;2019. doi:10.1155/2019/4157869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Aila NA, Al Laham NA, Ayesh BM. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at Al Shifa hospital in Gaza Strip. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:28. doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2139-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijnders MIA, Nys S, Driessen C, et al. Staphylococcus aureus carriage among GPs in the Netherlands. Br J Gen Pract. 2010;60:902–906. doi:10.3399/bjgp10X544078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibabaw A, Abebe T, Mihret A. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of nasal Staphylococcus aureus among Dessie Referral Hospital health care workers, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;25:22–25. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danelli T, Duarte FC, de Oliveira TA, et al. Nasal carriage by Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers and students attending a University Hospital in Southern Brazil: prevalence, phenotypic, and molecular characteristics. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2020;2020:11. doi:10.1155/2020/3808036
   Google Scholar
• Efa F, Alemu Y, Beyene G, Gudina EK, Kebede W. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage among medical students of Jimma University, Southwest Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2019;5(1):e01191. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal L, Singh AK, Sengupta C, Agarwal A. Nasal carriage of methicillin- and mupirocin-resistant S. aureus among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital. J Res Pharm Pract. 2015;4:182–186. doi:10.4103/2279-042X.167046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadeyi A, Bolaji B, Oyedepo O, et al. Methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage amongst healthcare workers of the critical care units in a Nigerian Hospital. Am J Infect Dis. 2010;6(1):18–23. doi:10.3844/ajidsp.2010.18.23
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed MO, Elramalli AK, Amri SG, Abuzweda AR, Abouzeed YM. Isolation and screening of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from health care workers in Libyan hospitals. EMHJ. 2012;18(1):37–42. doi:10.26719/2012.18.1.37
   Google Scholar
• Khatri S, Pant ND, Bhandari R, et al. Nasal carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2017;15(1):26–30. doi:10.3126/jnhrc.v15i1.18009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalayu AA, Woldetsadik DA, Woldeamanuel Y, Wang SH, Gebreyes WA, Teferi T. Burden and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in dairy farms in Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia Alem. BMC Vet Res. 2020;16:20. doi:10.1186/s12917-020-2235-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwokah EG, Eddeh-Adjugah O, Aleru CP. Assessment of asymptomatic methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage among health care workers in the University of Port Harcourt teaching Hospital, Nigeria. SCIREA J Health. 2017;2(2). Available from: http://www.scirea.org/journal/PMH.
   Google Scholar
• Walana W, Bobzah BP, Kuugbee ED, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among healthcare workers, inpatients and caretakers in the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Sci Afr. 2020;8:e00325. doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00325
   Google Scholar
• Okamo B, Moremi N, Seni J, Mirambo MM, Kidenya BR, Mshana SE. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among pre-clinical and clinical medical students in a Tanzanian University. BMC Res. 2016;9:47. doi:10.1186/s13104-016-1858-0
   Google Scholar
• Dulon M, Peters C, Schablon A, Nienhaus A. MRSA carriage among healthcare workers in non-outbreak settings in Europe and the United States: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:363. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassmannshausen R, Deurenberg RH, Köck R, et al. MRSA prevalence and associated risk factors among health-care workers in non-outbreak situations in the Dutch-German EUREGIO. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1273. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reta A, Mengist A, Tesfahun A. Nasal colonization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2019;18:25. doi:10.1186/s12941-019-0324-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joachim A, Moyo SJ, Nkinda L, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers in tertiary and regional hospitals in Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Int J Microbiol. 2018;2018:7. doi:10.1155/2018/5058390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omuse G, Kariuki S, Revathi G. Unexpected absence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage by health care workers in a tertiary hospital in Kenya. J Hosp Infect. 2012;80(1):71–73. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2011.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert M, Kämpf D, Wahl M, et al. MRSA point prevalence among health care workers in German rehabilitation centers: a multi-center, cross-sectional study in a non-outbreak setting. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(9):1660. doi:10.3390/ijerph16091660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munckhof WJ, Nimmo GR, Schooneveldt JM, et al. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, including community-associated methicillin-resistant strains, in Queensland adults. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(2):149–155. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker K, Pagnier I, Schuhen B, et al. Does Nasal Co-colonization by methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains occur frequently enough to represent a risk of false-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus determinations by molecular methods? J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(1):229–231. doi:10.1128/JCM.44.1.229-231.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar