535
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 3077-3086 | Published online: 16 Jun 2022

References

  • Drew RJ, Murphy T, Broderick D, O’Gorman J, Eogan M. An interpretation algorithm for molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a maternity hospital using machine learning: proof-of-concept study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;96(2):114950. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114950
  • Abdelaziz ZA, Ibrahim ME, Bilal NE, Hamid ME. Vaginal infections among pregnant women at Omdurman Maternity Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2014;8(4):490–497. doi:10.3855/jidc.3197
  • Marrazzo JM, Martin DH, Watts DH, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: identifying research gaps proceedings of a workshop sponsored by DHHS/NIH/NIAID November 19–20, 2008. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(12):732. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181fbbc95
  • Turovskiy Y, Sutyak Noll K, Chikindas ML. The aetiology of bacterial vaginosis. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;110(5):1105–1128. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04977.x
  • Bautista CT, Wurapa E, Sateren WB, Morris S, Hollingsworth B, Sanchez JL. Bacterial vaginosis: a synthesis of the literature on etiology, prevalence, risk factors, and relationship with chlamydia and gonorrhea infections. Mil Med Res. 2016;3(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s40779-016-0074-5
  • Gajdács M, Zsoldiné Urbán E. Epidemiology and resistance trends of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from vaginal samples: a 10-year retrospective study in Hungary. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp PanonAdriat. 2019;28(4):143–147. doi:10.15570/actaapa.2019.35
  • Jones A. Bacterial vaginosis: a review of treatment, recurrence, and disparities. J Nurse Pract. 2019;15(6):420–423. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2019.03.010
  • Bilardi JE, Walker S, Temple-Smith M, et al. The burden of bacterial vaginosis: women’s experience of the physical, emotional, sexual and social impact of living with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74378. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074378
  • Ugwumadu A. Role of antibiotic therapy for bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21(3):391–402. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.001
  • Işik G, Demirezen Ş, Dönmez HG, Beksaç MS. Bacterial vaginosis in association with spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses. J Cytol. 2016;33(3):135. doi:10.4103/0970-9371.188050
  • Mehta SD, Agingu W, Nordgren RK, et al. Characteristics of women and their male sex partners predict bacterial vaginosis among a prospective cohort of Kenyan women with nonoptimal vaginal microbiota. Sex Transm Dis. 2020;47(12):840. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001259
  • Cohen CR, Lingappa JR, Baeten JM, et al. Bacterial vaginosis associated with increased risk of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort analysis among African couples. PLoS Med. 2012;9(6):e1001251. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001251
  • Atashili J, Poole C, Ndumbe PM, Adimora AA, Smith JS. Bacterial vaginosis and HIV acquisition: a meta-analysis of published studies. AIDS. 2008;22(12):1493. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283021a37
  • Tesfay G, Deekonda K, Paramasivam R, Muthupandian S. Prevalence and associated risk factors of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review; 2020.
  • Kenyon C, Colebunders R, Crucitti T. The global epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(6):505–523. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.006
  • Mulu W, Yimer M, Zenebe Y, Abera B. Common causes of vaginal infections and antibiotic susceptibility of aerobic bacterial isolates in women of reproductive age attending at Felegehiwot referral Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Women’s Health. 2015;15(1):42. doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0197-y
  • Mengistie Z, Woldeamanuel Y, Asrat D, Adera A. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7(1):822. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-822
  • Chavoustie SE, Eder SE, Koltun WD, et al. Experts explore the state of bacterial vaginosis and the unmet needs facing women and providers. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2017;137(2):107–109. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12114
  • Bautista CT, Wurapa EK, Sateren WB, Morris SM, Hollingsworth BP, Sanchez JL. Association of bacterial vaginosis with chlamydia and gonorrhea among women in the US Army. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(5):632–639. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.016
  • Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KC, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983;74(1):14–22. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9
  • Amegashie CP, Gilbert NM, Peipert JF, Allsworth JE, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Relationship between nugent score and vaginal epithelial exfoliation. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177797
  • Antonucci F, Mirandola W, Fontana C, Fontana C. Comparison between Nugent’s and Hay/Ison scoring criteria for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in WASP prepared vaginal samples. Clin Investig. 2017;7:89–93.
  • Coleman JS, Gaydos CA. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: an update. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(9):e00342–e00318. doi:10.1128/JCM.00342-18
  • Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Endogenous microbiota of the genitourinary tract. In: Mucosal Immunology. Elsevier; 2015:95–107.
  • Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29(2):297–301. doi:10.1128/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991
  • Spiegel CA, Amsel R, Holmes K. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by direct gram stain of vaginal fluid. J Clin Microbiol. 1983;18(1):170–177. doi:10.1128/jcm.18.1.170-177.1983
  • Rogosa M, Sharpe ME. Species differentiation of human vaginal lactobacilli. Microbiology. 1960;23(1):197–201.
  • Sigmon J. The Starch Hydrolysis Test. American Society for Microbiology; 2008.
  • Bhat G, Kotigadde S, Shenoy S. Comparison of the methods of diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2011;5(3):498–501.
  • Lata I, Pradeep Y, Sujata AJ. Estimation of the incidence of bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections and its consequences on maternal/fetal outcome in pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in a tertiary care hospital in North India. IJCM. 2010;35(2):285. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.66855
  • Simoes J, Discacciati M, Brolazo E, Portugal P, Dini D, Dantas M. Clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2006;94(1):28–32. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2006.04.013
  • Ibrahim S, Bukar M, Galadima G, Audu B, Ibrahim H. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women in Maiduguri, North Eastern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17(2):154–158. doi:10.4103/1119-3077.127424
  • Redelinghuys MJ, Ehlers MM, Dreyer AW, Lombaard H, Olorunju SA, Kock MM. A cross-sectional study on the relationship of age, gestational age and HIV infection to bacterial vaginosis and genital mycoplasma infection. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008530. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008530
  • Masha SC, Wahome E, Vaneechoutte M, Cools P, Crucitti T, Sanders EJ. High prevalence of curable sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women in a rural county hospital in Kilifi, Kenya. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0175166. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175166
  • Machado D, Castro J, Martinez-de-oliveira J, Nogueira-Silva C, Cerca N. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in Portuguese pregnant women and vaginal colonization by Gardnerella vaginalis. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3750. doi:10.7717/peerj.3750
  • Dadhwal V, Hariprasad R, Mittal S, Kapil A. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women and predictive value of clinical diagnosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;281(1):101–104. doi:10.1007/s00404-009-1089-x
  • Teixeira PM, Vital WC, Lima AA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis: prevalence, risk profile and association with sexually transmitted infections. J Epidemiol Infect. 2020;10(3). doi:10.17058/jeic.v10i3.14984.
  • Shayo PA, Kihunrwa A, Massinde AN, et al. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated factors among pregnant women attending at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2012;14(3):175–182. doi:10.4314/thrb.v14i3.3
  • Konadu DG, Owusu-Ofori A, Yidana Z, et al. Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the middle belt of Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):341. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2488-z
  • Kurewa NE, Mapingure MP, Munjoma MW, Chirenje MZ, Rusakaniko S, Stray-Pedersen B. The burden and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections among pregnant women in Zimbabwe. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):127. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-127
  • Olowe O, Makanjuola O, Olowe R, Adekanle D. Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in Southwestern Nigeria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. 2014;4(4):193–197. doi:10.1556/EUJMI-D-14-00027
  • Waters TP, Denney JM, Mathew L, Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF. Longitudinal trajectory of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(4):431. e431–431. e435. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.06.061
  • Bartellas E, Crane JM, Daley M, Bennett KA, Hutchens D. Sexuality and sexual activity in pregnancy. BJOG: Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2000;107(8):964–968. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb10397.x
  • Uwapusitanon W, Choobun T. Sexuality and sexual activity in pregnancy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87 Suppl 3:S45–S49.
  • Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Vaneechoutte M, Temmerman M. The epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis in relation to sexual behaviour. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-81
  • Rumyantseva TA, Bellen G, Romanuk TN, et al. Utility of microscopic techniques and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of vaginal microflora alterations. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2015;19(2):124–128. doi:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000060
  • Baruah FK, Sharma A, Das C, Hazarika NK, Hussain JH. Role of Gardnerella vaginalis as an etiological agent of bacterial vaginosis. Iran J Microbiol. 2014;6(6):409.
  • Delaney ML, Onderdonk AB; Microbiology and Prematurity Study Group. Nugent score related to vaginal culture in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(1):79–84.
  • Bramley H, Dixon R, Jones B. Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale, Gardnerella vaginalis) in a family planning clinic population. Sex Transm Infect. 1981;57(1):62–66. doi:10.1136/sti.57.1.62
  • Buyukbayrak EE, Kars B, Karsidag AYK, et al. Diagnosis of vulvovaginitis: comparison of clinical and microbiological diagnosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;282(5):515–519. doi:10.1007/s00404-010-1498-x
  • Mehreen I, Nuzhat S, Saadia D, Muhammad Z, Shazia T. Comparison of vaginal culture and pap smear in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis; 2017.
  • Damen JG, Suleiman SZ, Vem ST, Goltong J, Kahansim M. Microbiological diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women in a resource limited setting in north central Nigeria. Am J Life Sci. 2014. 2(6):356. doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20140206.15.
  • Rao P, Devi S, Shriyan A, Rajaram M, Jagdishchandra K. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a rural setup: comparison of clinical algorithm, smear scoring and culture by semiquantitative technique. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2004;22(1):47–50. doi:10.1016/S0255-0857(21)02951-0
  • Pheifer TA, Forsyth PS, Durfee MA, Pollock HM, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis: role of Haemophilus vaginalis and treatment with metronidazole. N Engl J Med. 1978;298(26):1429–1434. doi:10.1056/NEJM197806292982601
  • Easmon C, Hay P, Ison C. Bacterial vaginosis: a diagnostic approach. Genitourin Med. 1992;68(2):134. doi:10.1136/sti.68.2.134
  • Demirezen Ş, Küçük A, Beksaç MS. The association between copper containing IUCD and bacterial vaginosis. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2006;14(3):138–140. doi:10.21101/cejph.a3339
  • Ness RB, Hillier S, Richter HE, et al. Can known risk factors explain racial differences in the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis? J Natl Med Assoc. 2003;95(3):201.
  • Kalinka J, Hanke W, Wasiela M, Laudański T. Socioeconomic and environmental risk factors of bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy. J Perinatal Med. 2002;30(6):467–475. doi:10.1515/JPM.2002.073
  • Li X-D, Wang -C-C, Zhang X-J, et al. Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis: results from a cross-sectional study having a sample of 53, 652 women. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(9):1525–1532. doi:10.1007/s10096-014-2103-1
  • Ocviyanti D, Rosana Y, Olivia S, Darmawan F. Risk factors for bacterial vaginosis among Indonesian women. Med J Indones. 2010;19(2):130–135. doi:10.13181/mji.v19i2.396
  • Smart S, Singal A, Mindel A. Social and sexual risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80(1):58–62. doi:10.1136/sti.2003.004978
  • Allsworth JE, Peipert JF. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis: 2001–2004 national health and nutrition examination survey data. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;109(1):114–120. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000247627.84791.91
  • Brotman RM, Klebanoff MA, Nansel TR, et al. A longitudinal study of vaginal douching and bacterial vaginosis—A marginal structural modeling analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(2):188–196. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn103
  • Kamga YM, Ngunde JP, Akoachere J-FK. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors in pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Kumba Health District (KHD), Cameroon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):166. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2312-9
  • Durugbo II, Nyengidiki TK, Bassey G, Wariso KT. Bacterial vaginosis among women with tubal factor infertility in Nigeria. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131(2):133–136. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.05.031
  • Aduloju OP, Akintayo AA, Aduloju T. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy in a tertiary health institution, south western Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;33. doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.33.9.17926
  • Paavonen J, Brunham RC. Bacterial vaginosis and desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(23):2246–2254. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1808418
  • Romoren M, Velauthapillai M, Rahman M, Sundby J, Klouman E, Hjortdahl P. Trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: inadequately managed with the syndromic approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:297–304. doi:10.2471/BLT.06.031922
  • Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F, Nagot N, Defer M-C, Yaro S, Meda N, Robert A. Bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women in Burkina Faso. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(12):985–989. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181844f22
  • Donders GG, Van Bulck B, Caudron J, Londers L, Vereecken A, Spitz B. Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(2):431–437. doi:10.1067/mob.2000.105738
  • Govender L, Hoosen AA, Moodley J, Moodley P, Sturm AW. Bacterial vaginosis and associated infections in pregnancy. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1996;55(1):23–28. doi:10.1016/0020-7292(96)02744-0
  • Imseis HM, Greig PC, Livengood CH, Shunior E, Durda P, Erikson M. Characterization of the inflammatory cytokines in the vagina during pregnancy and labor and with bacterial vaginosis. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 1997;4(2):90–94. doi:10.1177/107155769700400208
  • Ji H, Dailey TL, Long V, Chien EK. Prostaglandin E2–regulated cervical ripening: analysis of proteoglycan expression in the rat cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198(5):536. e531–536. e537. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.024