Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Genotypes and Subtypes in Migrants from Pakistan in Barcelona, Spain

References

• World Health Organization. Hapatitis C. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Assembly UNG. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Resolution A/RES/70/1; 2016. Available from: http://www.Un.Org/Ga/Search/View_doc.Asp?Symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Razavi H, Robbins S, Zeuzem S, European Union HCV collaborators. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and level of intervention required to achieve the WHO targets for elimination in the European Union by 2030: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(5):325–336. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(17)30045-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corma-Gomez A, Pineda JA. Hepatitis C virus infection in Spain: challenges in the track to elimination. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2019;37(4):219–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus JV, Wiktor S, Colombo M, Thursz M. Micro-elimination - A path to global elimination of hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2017;67(4):665–666. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuadrado A, Llerena S, Cobo C, et al. Microenvironment eradication of Hepatitis C: a novel treatment paradigm. AmJ Gastroenterol. 2018;113(11):1639–1648. doi:10.1038/s41395-018-0157-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL. EASL recommendations on treatment of Hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1600–0641(Electronic)):461–511. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic Hepatitis C virus infection. Available from: Https://Www.Who.Int/Hepatitis/Publications/Hepatitis-c-Guidelines-2018/En/. 2018. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Blach S, Zeuzem S, Manns M, Polaris Observatory H C V. Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2(3):161–176. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(16)30181-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEAHC. Plan Estrategico Para El Abordaje de La Hepatitis C en el Sistema Nacional de Salud (PEAHC) Octubre 2018 [Strategic Plan for Tackling Hepatitis C]. National Health Institute, October 2018. Secretaria General de Sanidad y Consumo Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social; 2019. Available from: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/enfLesiones/enfTransmisibles/hepatitisC/home.htm. Accessed August 3, 2022. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Limia A, Rodriguez-Cobo I, Arce A, Del Amo JEA; Ministerio de Sanidad C y BS. Plan Estrategico Para El Abordaje de La Hepatitis C. Prevalencia de La Infección Por Hepatitis C En Población General En España [Prevalence of HCV infection in general population in Spain] 2017-18; 2019. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Al KZ, Mahmud S, Kouyoumjian SP, Bu-Raddad LJ. The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: systematic review and meta-analyses. R Soc Open Sci. 2018;5(2054–5703(Linking)):180257. doi:10.1098/rsos.180257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad A, Ashfaq UA. Epidemiology of Hepatitis C infection in Pakistan: current estimate and major risk factors. Crit RevEukaryotGene Expr. 2017;27(1):63–77. doi:10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2017018953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INE. Población Extranjera Por Nacionalidad. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica [Foreign population classified by nationalities. National Health Institute]. 2019. Available from: Https://Www.Ine.Es/Jaxi/Tabla.Htm?Path=/T20/E245/P08/L0/&file=03005.Px&L=0. Accessed August 3, 2022. Spanish.
   Google Scholar
• Smith DB. HCV classification. A web resource to manage the classifcation and genotype and subtype assignments of hepatitis virus; 2018. Available from: https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv_wikis/flaviviridae/w/sg_flavi/56/hcv-classification. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Borgia SM, Hedskog C, Parhy B, et al. Identification of a novel Hepatitis C virus genotype from Punjab, India: expanding classification of Hepatitis C virus into 8 genotypes. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(11):1722–1729. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, et al. Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2015;61(1527–3350 (Electronic)):77–87. doi:10.1002/hep.27259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gower E, Estes CC, Hindman S, Razavi-Shearer H, Razavi H. Global epidemiology and genotype distribution of the hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol. 2014;61(1):S45–S57. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Malhotra V, Sarin SK. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in India. Indian J Med Res. 2004;119(4):145–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman IU, Idrees M, Ali M, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotype 3a with phylogenetically distinct origin is circulating in Pakistan. Genet Vaccines Ther. 2011;9(1):2. doi:10.1186/1479-0556-9-2
   Google Scholar
• Saleha S, Kamal A, Ullah F, Khan N, Mahmood A, Khan S. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes in district bannu, khyber pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Hepat Res Treat. 2014;2014:165826. doi:10.1155/2014/165826
   Google Scholar
• Murphy DG, Sablon E, Chamberland J, Fournier E, Dandavino R, Tremblay CL. Hepatitis C virus genotype 7, a new genotype originating from Central Africa. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(3):967–972. doi:10.1128/jcm.02831-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Martínez R, Arias-García A, Rodríguez-Algarra F, et al. Significant improvement in diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection by a one-step strategy in a central laboratory: an optimal tool for hepatitis C elimination? J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(1). doi:10.1128/JCM.01815-19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozlan Y, Ben-Ari Z, Moscona R, et al. HCV genotype-1 subtypes and resistance-associated substitutions in drug-naive and in direct-acting antiviral treatment failure patients. Antivir Ther. 2017;22(5):431–441. doi:10.3851/imp3123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moin A, Fatima H, Qadir TF. Tackling hepatitis C-Pakistan’s road to success. Lancet. 2018;391(10123):834–835. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30462-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim AG, Qureshi H, Mahmood H, et al. Curbing the hepatitis C virus epidemic in Pakistan: the impact of scaling up treatment and prevention for achieving elimination. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(2):550–560. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quer J, Gregori J, Rodriguez-Frias F, et al. High-resolution hepatitis C virus subtyping using NS5B deep sequencing and phylogeny, an alternative to current methods. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(1):219–226. doi:10.1128/JCM.02093-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Massow G, Garcia-Cehic D, Gregori J, et al. Whole-genome characterization and resistance-associated substitutions in a new HCV genotype 1 subtype. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:947–955. doi:10.2147/idr.s195441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magoc T, Salzberg SL. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2011;27(1367–4803):2957–2963. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Team RC. R: a language and environment for statistical computing; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Wickham H. Stringr: simple, consistent wrappers for common string operations. R Package Version 1.2.0; 2017. Avaialbe from: https://CRAN.R-Project.Org/Package=stringr. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan M, Anders S, Lawrence M, Aboyoun P, Pages H, Gentleman R. ShortRead: a bioconductor package for input, quality assessment and exploration of high-throughput sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(1367–4803 (Linking)):2607–2608. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pages H, Aboyoun P, Gentleman R, DebRoy S. Biostrings: string objects representing biological sequences, and matching algorithms. R Package Version. 2012;2:10–8129.
   Google Scholar
• Paradis E, Claude J, Strimmer K. APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics. 2004;20(1367–4803 (Print)):289–290. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDESCAT. Municipal Population Register. Extended results on Foreign Population. By age and sex. Pakistan: Statistical Institute of Catalonia; 2018. Available from: Https://Www.Idescat.Cat/Poblacioestrangera/?Nac=d426&b=1&lang=en&t=2011. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Polaris Observatory HCVC; 2018. Available from: http://polarisobservatory.org/polaris_view/hepC.htm. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Falla AM, Ahmad AA, Duffell E, Noori T, Veldhuijzen IK. Estimating the scale of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the EU/EEA: a focus on migrants from anti-HCV endemic countries. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):42. doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2908-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idrees M, Lal A, Naseem M, Khalid M. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the largest province of Pakistan. J Dig Dis. 2008;9(2):95–103. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2008.00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi H, Bile KM, Jooma R, Alam SE, Afridi HU. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Pakistan: findings of a national survey appealing for effective prevention and control measures. East Mediterr Heal J. 2010;16(Suppl):S15–23. doi:10.26719/2010.16.Supp.15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali SA, Donahue RM, Qureshi H, Vermund SH. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Pakistan: prevalence and risk factors. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(1):9–19. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Chuang WL, Sheen IS, et al. Efficacy of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir treatment of HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):989–997. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. Pakistan 2017 HIV and AIDS estimates. UNAIDS; 2017. Available from: http://www.Unaids.Org/En/Regionscountries/Countries/Pakistan. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Attaullah S, Khan S, Ali I. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Pakistan: a systemic review. Virol J. 2011;8:433. doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez C, Soulier A, Demontant V, et al. A novel standardized deep sequencing-based assay for hepatitis C virus genotype determination. Sci Rep. 2018;8(2045–2322 (Linking)):4180. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22614-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashem M, Jhaveri R, Saleh DA, et al. Spontaneous viral load decline and subsequent clearance of chronic Hepatitis C virus in postpartum women correlates with favorable interleukin-28B gene allele. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(6):999–1005. doi:10.1093/cid/cix445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Q, Jamal A, Imran M, et al. Correlation of IL28B rs12979860 genotype and gender with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection: a Pakistani cross-section study. Per Med. 2018;15(6):495–502. doi:10.2217/pme-2018-0016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global health sector strategy on viral Hepatitis 2016–2021 (A69/32). Towards ending viral hepatitis. World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Farshadpour F, Taherkhani R, Bakhtiari F, Komatsu H. Prevalence and predominant genotype of Hepatitis C virus infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Iran. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:9294276. doi:10.1155/2021/9294276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taherkhani R, Farshadpour F. Lurking epidemic of hepatitis C virus infection in Iran: a call to action. World J Hepatol. 2017;9(24):1040–1042. doi:10.4254/wjh.v9.i24.1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Technical briefing on migration and health; 2016. Available from: http://who.int/migrants/publications/WHA69mh-technical-breefing.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus JV, Bromberg DJ, Del Amo J, et al. Hepatitis C prevalence among the migrant population in Spain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2019;37(4):222–230. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2018.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECDC. Epidemiological assessment of hepatitis B and C among migrants in the EU/EEA. Stockholm, Sweden; 2016. Available from: https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/epidemiological-assessment-hepatitis-B-and-C-among-migrants-EU-EEA.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Olafsson S, Tyrfingsson T, Runarsdottir V, et al. Treatment as prevention for Hepatitis C (TraP Hep C) - a nationwide elimination programme in Iceland using direct-acting antiviral agents. J Inter Med. 2018;283(5):500–507. doi:10.1111/joim.12740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boerekamps A, Newsum AM, Smit C, et al. High treatment uptake in human immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients after unrestricted access to direct-acting antivirals in the Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(9):1352–1359. doi:10.1093/cid/cix1004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuffic-Burban S, Huneau A, Verleene A, et al. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C screening strategies in France. J Hepatol. 2018;69(4):785–792. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar