The First Saudi Report of Novel and Common Mutations in the gyrA and parC Genes Among Pseudomonas Spp. Clinical Isolates Recovered from Taif Area

References

• Kocsis B, Gulyas D, Szabo D. Diversity and distribution of resistance markers in Pseudomonas aeruginosa international high-risk clones. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):359. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telling K, Laht M, Brauer A, et al. Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Estonian hospitals. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):513. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3421-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulyayangkul P, Satapoomin N, Avison MB, Charoenlap N, Vattanaviboon P, Mongkolsuk S. Over-expression of hypochlorite inducible Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) pumps reduces antimicrobial drug susceptibility by increasing the production of MexXY Mediated by ArmZ in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:592153. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raman G, Avendano EE, Chan J, Merchant S, Puzniak L. Risk factors for hospitalized patients with resistant or multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(1):79. doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0370-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viasus D, Puerta-Alcalde P, Cardozo C, et al. Predictors of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in neutropenic patients with bloodstream infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(3):345–350. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Garcia M, Garcia-Castillo M, Garcia-Fernandez S, et al. Presence of chromosomal crpP-like genes is not always associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates recovered in ICU patients from Portugal and Spain. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):388. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Nejma M, Sioud O, Mastouri M. Quinolone-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from University Hospital in Tunisia. 3 Biotech. 2018;8(1):1. doi:10.1007/s13205-017-1019-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rehman A, Patrick WM, Lamont IL. Mechanisms of ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: new approaches to an old problem. J Med Microbiol. 2019;68(1):1–10. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed MN, Porse A, Sommer MOA, Hoiby N, Ciofu O. Evolution of antibiotic resistance in biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations exposed to subinhibitory levels of ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(8). doi:10.1128/AAC.00320-18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Z, Chen H, Li M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa polynucleotide phosphorylase contributes to ciprofloxacin resistance by regulating PrtR. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1762. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández-García M, García-Castillo M, García-Fernández S, et al. Presence of chromosomal crpP-like genes is not always associated with ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates recovered in ICU patients from Portugal and Spain. Microorganisms. 2021;9(2):388. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9020388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chávez-Jacobo VM, Hernández-Ramírez KC, Romo-Rodríguez P, et al. CrpP is a novel ciprofloxacin-modifying enzyme encoded by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pUM505 plasmid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(6):e02629–17. doi:10.1128/AAC.02629-17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan X, Xue X, Liu Y, et al. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance–current knowledge and future perspectives. J Int Med Res. 2013;41(1):20–30. doi:10.1177/0300060513475965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van TT, Minejima E, Chiu CA, Butler-Wu SM. Don’t get wound up: revised fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57(7):e02072–18. doi:10.1128/JCM.02072-18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llanes C, Köhler T, Patry I, Dehecq B, Delden CV, Plésiat P. Role of the MexEF-OprN Efflux system in low-level resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(12):5676–5684. doi:10.1128/AAC.00101-11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 31st ed. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida H, Bogaki M, Nakamura M, Nakamura S. Quinolone resistance-determining region in the DNA gyrase gyrA gene of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990;34(6):1271–1272. doi:10.1128/AAC.34.6.1271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida H, Bogaki M, Nakamura M, Yamanaka LM, Nakamura S. Quinolone resistance-determining region in the DNA gyrase gyrB gene of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35(8):1647–1650. doi:10.1128/AAC.35.8.1647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champoux JJ. DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism. Annu Rev Biochem. 2001;70(1):369–413. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Badawy MF, Alrobaian MM, Shohayeb MM, Abdelwahab SF. Investigation of six plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas: a genotypic study in Saudi Arabia. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:915. doi:10.2147/IDR.S203288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robillard NJ, Scarpa AL. Genetic and physiological characterization of ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988;32(4):535–539. doi:10.1128/AAC.32.4.535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JK, Lee YS, Park YK, Kim BS. Alterations in the GyrA and GyrB subunits of topoisomerase II and the ParC and ParE subunits of topoisomerase IV in ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;25(4):290–295. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Redelberger D, Chambonnier G, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome evolution in patients and under the hospital environment. Pathogens. 2014;3(2):309–340. doi:10.3390/pathogens3020309
   Google Scholar
• Bruchmann S, Dotsch A, Nouri B, Chaberny IF, Haussler S. Quantitative contributions of target alteration and decreased drug accumulation to Pseudomonas aeruginosa fluoroquinolone resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(3):1361–1368. doi:10.1128/AAC.01581-12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish ZA, Shibl AM, Kambal AM, Ohaly YA, Ishaq A, Livermore DM. Antimicrobial resistance among non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria in Saudi Arabia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(7):1701–1705. doi:10.1093/jac/dks091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alamri A, Hamid ME, Abid M, et al. Trend analysis of bacterial uropathogens and their susceptibility pattern: a 4-year (2013–2016) study from Aseer region, Saudi Arabia. Urol Ann. 2018;10(1):41. doi:10.4103/UA.UA_68_17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne P. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 20th informational supplement. CLSI Document M100-S20; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Grillon A, Schramm F, Kleinberg M, Jehl FJPO. Comparative activity of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia assessed by minimum inhibitory concentrations and time-kill studies. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone TJ, Summers K, Williamson J, Palavecino E, Palavecino E. 1600. Closing the gap on moxifloxacin breakpoints for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(Supplement_1):S796–S796. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1780
   Google Scholar
• Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30(12):2725–2729. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Badawy MF, Tawakol WM, Maghrabi IA, Mansy MS, Shohayeb MM, Ashour MS. Iodometric and molecular detection of ESBL production among clinical isolates of E. coli fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR: the first Egyptian report declares the emergence of E. coli O25b-ST131clone harboring blaGES. Microb Drug Resist. 2017;23(6):703–717. doi:10.1089/mdr.2016.0181
   Google Scholar
• NIH; NLM; NCBI; 2022.Welcome to the NCBI [homepage]. Available from:: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Accessed July 4, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Farahi RM, Ali AA, Gharavi S. Characterization of gyrA and parC mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Tehran hospitals in Iran. Iran J Microbiol. 2018;10(4):242–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse AM, Procter JB, Martin DM, Clamp M, Barton GJ. Jalview Version 2--a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(9):1189–1191. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIH; NLM; NCBI. GenBank Overview; 2022. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/. Accessed March 12, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• NIH; NLM; NCBI. Submission Portal; 2022. Available from: https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Accessed March 12, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Mouneimne H, Robert J, Jarlier V, Cambau E. Type II topoisomerase mutations in ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(1):62–66. doi:10.1128/AAC.43.1.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adwan G, Omar G. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Palestine. Braz J Bio. 2021;82. doi:10.1590/1519-6984.239868.
   Google Scholar
• Arabameri N, Heshmatipour Z, Eftekhar Ardebili S, Jafari Bidhendi Z. The role of gene mutations (gyrA, parC) in resistance to ciprofloxacin in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iran J Pathol. 2021;16(4):426–432. doi:10.30699/IJP.2021.520570.2542.
   Google Scholar
• Nouri R, Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M, Hasani A, Aghazadeh M, Asgharzadeh M. The role of gyrA and parC mutations in fluoroquinolones-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Iran. Braz J Microbiol. 2016;47(4):925–930. doi:10.1016/j.bjm.2016.07.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Xing B, Liang C, Ye Z, Zhang Y. Prevalence and fluoroquinolone resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a hospital of South China. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(1):1386–1390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domitrovic TN, Hujer AM, Perez F, et al. Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: a genetic-based chronicle of evolving antibiotic resistance. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(4):ofw188. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonezawa M, Takahata M, Matsubara N, Watanabe Y, Narita H. DNA gyrase gyrA mutations in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39(9):1970–1972. doi:10.1128/AAC.39.9.1970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano M, Deguchi T, Kawamura T, et al. Mutations in the gyrA and parC genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41(10):2289–2291. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.10.2289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman A, Jeukens J, Levesque RC, Lamont IL. Gene-gene interactions dictate ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and facilitate prediction of resistance phenotype from genome sequence data. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(7):e0269620. doi:10.1128/AAC.02696-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koide K, San LL, Pachanon R, et al. Amino acid substitution Ser83Ile in GyrA of DNA gyrases confers high-level quinolone resistance to nontyphoidal salmonella without loss of supercoiling activity. Microb Drug Resist. 2021;27(10):1397–1404. doi:10.1089/mdr.2020.0437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen A, Tariq A, Iqbal M, et al. Mutational diversity in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of type-II topoisomerases of Salmonella Serovars. Antibiotics. 2021;10(12):1455. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10121455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar