Lactoferrin versus Long-Acting Penicillin in Reducing Elevated Anti-Streptolysin O Titer in Cases of Tonsillopharyngitis

References

• Lau AS, Upile NS, Wilkie MD, Leong SC, Swift AC. The rising rate of admissions for tonsillitis and neck space abscesses in England, 1991–2011. Annals Royal Coll Surg Engl. 2014;96(4):307–310. doi:10.1308/003588414X13946184900363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klug TE. Peritonsillar abscess: clinical aspects of microbiology, risk factors, and the association with parapharyngeal abscess. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1467–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgström A, Nerfeldt P, Friberg D, Sunnergren O, Stalfors J. Trends and changes in paediatric tonsil surgery in Sweden 1987–2013: a population-based cohort study. BMJOPEN. 2017;7(1):e013346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook I, Gober AE. Increased recovery of Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae in association with group a b-haemolytic streptococci in healthy children and those with pharyngotonsillitis. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:998–1092. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46325-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammouda M, Abdel-Khalek Z, Awad S, Abdel-Aziz M, Fathy M. Chronic tonsillitis bacteriology in Egyptian children including antimicrobial susceptibility. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2009;3:1948–1953.
   Google Scholar
• Burton MJ, Glasziou PP. Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus nonsurgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;CD001802. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001802.pub2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad Z, Al-Yaghchi C, Anwar M, Georgalas C, Narula A. Does tonsillectomy help children with recurrent tonsillitis? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;143(l):113–116. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2010.06.207
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan EL, Rothermel CD, Johnson DR. Antistreptolysin O and anti-deoxyribonuclease B titers: normal values for children ages 2 to 12 in the United States. Pediatrics. 1998;101:86–88. doi:10.1542/peds.101.1.86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millington AJ, Phillips JS. Current trends in tonsillitis and tonsillectomy. Annals Royal Coll Surg Engl. 2014;96(8):586–589. doi:10.1308/003588414X13946184901966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dajani A, Taubert K, Ferrieri P, et al. Treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis and prevention of rheumatic fever: a statement for health professionals. Pediatrics. 1995;96(4):758–764. doi:10.1542/peds.96.4.758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson BF, Baker HM, Norris GE, Rumball SV, Baker EN. Apolactoferrin structure demonstrates ligand-induced conformational change in transferrins. Nature. 1990;344:784–787. doi:10.1038/344784a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel HJ. Lactoferrin, a bird’s eye view. Biochem Cell Biol. 2012;90:233–244. doi:10.1139/o2012-016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karav S, German JB, Rouquié C, Le Parc A, Barile D. Studying lactoferrin N-glycosylation. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:E870. doi:10.3390/ijms18040870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karav S. Selective deglycosylation of lactoferrin to understand glycans’contribution to antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin. Cell Mol Biol. 2018;64:52–57. doi:10.14715/cmb/2018.64.9.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore SA, Anderson BF, Groom CR, Haridas M, Baker EN. Threedimensional structure of diferric bovine lactoferrin at 2.8A resolution. J Mol Biol. 1997;274:222–236. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen M, Sorensen S. Report of the Works of the Carlsberg Laboratory. Copenhagen 48- Lactoferrin: industrial production and applications. Rev Mex Pharmaceutical Sciences; 1939.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Strate BWA, Belijaars L, Molema G, Harmsen MC, Meijer DKF. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Res. 2001;52:225–239. doi:10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00195-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti A, Antonini G. Lactoferrin: an important host defense against microbial and viral attack. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005;62:2576–2587. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5372-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiens E, El Yazidi I, Mazurier J, et al. Role of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in the regulation of human lactoferrin binding and activity in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Eur J Cell Biol. 1998;77:344–351. doi:10.1016/S0171-9335(98)80093-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shau H, Kim A, Golub SH. Modulation of natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity by lactoferrin. J Leukoc Biol. 1992;51:343–349. doi:10.1002/jlb.51.4.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold RR, Russell JE, Champion WJ, Gauthier JJ. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: influence of physical conditions and metabolic state of the target microorganism. Infect Immun. 1981;32:655–660. doi:10.1128/iai.32.2.655-660.1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velliyagounder K, Kaplan JB, Furgang D, et al. One of two human lactoferrin variants exhibits increased antibacterial and transcriptional activation activities and is associated with localized juvenile periodontitis. Infect Immun. 2003;71:6141–6147. doi:10.1128/IAI.71.11.6141-6147.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidell D, Shapiro NL. Acute tonsillitis. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2012;12(4):271–276. doi:10.2174/187152612801319230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demir UL, Cetinkaya B, Karaca S, Sigirli D. The impacts of adenotonsillar Hypertrophy on periodontal health in children: aprospective controlled pilot study. Am J Otolaryngol. 2013;34(5):501–504. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang J, Yang N, Deng J, et al. Inhibition of SARS pseudovirus cell entry by lactoferrin binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redwan EM, Uversky VN, El-Fakharany EM, Al-Mehdar H. Potential lactoferrin activity against pathogenic viruses. C R Biol. 2014;337:581–595. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2014.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JM, Fan YC, Lin JW, Chen YY, Hsu WL, Chiou SS. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits dengue virus infectivity by interacting with heparan sulfate, low density lipoprotein receptor, and DC-SIGN. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:E1957. doi:10.3390/ijms18091957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho CAM, Casseb SMM, Goncalves RB, Silva EVP, Gomes AMO, Vasconcelos PFC. Bovine lactoferrin activity against Chikungunya and Zika viruses. J Gen Virol. 2017;98:1749–1754. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: a natural glycoprotein involved in iron and inflammatory homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:1985. doi:10.3390/ijms18091985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrik M, Zhai C, Haas H, Decristoforo C. Siderophores for molecular imaging applications. Clin Transl Imaging. 2017;5:15–27. doi:10.1007/s40336-016-0211-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beddek AJ, Schryvers AB. The lactoferrin receptor complex in Gram negative bacteria. Biometals. 2010;23:377–386. doi:10.1007/s10534-010-9299-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogoutse AK, Moraes TF. Iron acquisition through the bacterial transferrin receptor. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;52:314–326. doi:10.1080/10409238.2017.1293606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wandersman C, Stojiljkovic I. Bacterial heme sources: the role of heme, hemoprotein receptors and hemophores. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2000;3:215–220. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00078-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, Wilks A. Extracellular heme uptake and the challenge of bacterial cell membranes. Annu Rev Biochem. 2017;86:799–823. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepanto MS, Rosa L, Paesano R, Valenti P, Cutone A. Lactoferrin in aseptic and septic inflammation. Molecules. 2019;24:1323. doi:10.3390/molecules24071323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes KE, Carter DA. The antifungal activity of lactoferrin and its derived peptides: mechanisms of action and synergy with drugs against fungal pathogens. FrontMicrobiol. 2017;8:2. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao H, Liu S, Wang H, Su H, Liu Z. Enhanced antifungal activity of bovine lactoferrin-producing probiotic Lactobacillus casei in the murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19:7. doi:10.1186/s12866-018-1370-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrés MT, Acosta-Zaldívar M, Fierro JF. Antifungal mechanism of action of lactoferrin: identification of H+-ATPase (P3A-type) as a new apoptotic cell membrane receptor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:4206–4216. doi:10.1128/AAC.03130-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Timilsena YP, Blanch E, Adhikari B. Lactoferrin: structure, function, denaturation and digestion. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59:580–596. doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1381583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nairz M, Schroll A, Sonnweber T, Weiss G. The struggle for iron – a metal at the host-pathogen interface. Cell Microbiol. 2010;12:1691–1702. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01529.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eric Stenfors L, Marie Bye H, Vorland LH, Nord H. Remarkable attachment of lactoferrin to Streptococcus pyogenes during acute pharyngotonsillitis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2001;121(5):637–642. doi:10.1080/00016480117451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velusamy SK, Fine H, Velliyagounder K. Prophylactic effect of human lactoferrin against Streptococcus mutans bacteremia in lactoferrin knockout mice. Microbes Infect. 2014;16(9):762–767. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushwaha N, Kamat M, Banjade B, et al. Prevalence of group-a streptococcal infection among school children of urban community. IJIMS. 2014;1(5):249–256l.
   Google Scholar
• Abd Al-Kareem F, Abbas A, Hussein M. Comparative study of the Antibody Responses to Streptococcus pyogenes between school children carriers and patients with Tonsillitis. Iraqi J Sci. 2014;55(2A):403–410.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Kumari N. Evaluate the effectiveness of tonsillectomy and long-acting penicillin on the levels of the antistreptolysin O titer in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Int J Res Med Sci. 2019;7(5):1692–1695. doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191660
   Google Scholar
• Benson KF, Carter SG, Patterson KM, Patel D, Jensen GS. A novel extract from bovine colostrum whey supports anti-bacterial and anti-viral innate immune functions in vitro and in vivo. Prev Med. 2012;54:116–123. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshioka Y, Kudo S, Nishimura H, et al. Oral administration of bovine colostrum stimulates intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to polarize Th1-type in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2005;5:581–590. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago ME. Lactoferrina: producción industrial y aplicaciones. Rev Mex Ciencias Farmacéuticas. 2007;38:30–38.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman IL, Deikin AV, Sadchikova ER. Human lactoferrin can be alternative to antibiotics. In: Proceedings of the World Medical Conference. 2010:27–38.
   Google Scholar
• Leon N, Reyes M, Ordaz C, de la Garza M. Microbicidal action of lactoferrin and lactoferricin and their synergistic effect with metronidazole in Entamoeba histolytica. Biochem Cell Biol. 2006;84:327–336. doi:10.1139/o06-060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar