A Case of Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia in an HIV-Negative Patient Successfully Treated with Oral Atovaquone

References

• Apostolopoulou A, Fishman JA. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. J Fungi. 2022;8(11):1167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas CF, Limper AH. Pneumocystis pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(24):2487–2498. doi:10.1056/NEJMra032588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchacz K, Baker RK, Palella FJ, et al. AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in US patients, 1994–2007: a cohort study. AIDS. 2010;24(10):1549–1559. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a3967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepkowitz KA. Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(8):1098–1107. doi:10.1086/339548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepkowitz KA, Brown AE, Armstrong D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. More patients, same risk. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155(11):1125–1128. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430110015002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerrard JG. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-negative immunocompromised adults. Med J Aust. 1995;162(5):233–235. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb139873.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radisic M, Lattes R, Chapman JF, et al. Risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: a case-control study. Transpl Infect Dis. 2003;5(2):84–93. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3062.2003.00018.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catherinot E, Lanternier F, Bougnoux ME, Lecuit M, Couderc LJ, Lortholary O. Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010;24(1):107–138. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harigai M, Koike R, Miyasaka N; Pneumocystis Pneumonia under Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy (PAT) Study Group. Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with infliximab in Japan. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(18):1874–1876. doi:10.1056/NEJMc070728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohmura SI, Homma Y, Masui T, Miyamoto T. Factors associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate: a single-center retrospective study. Intern Med. 2022;61(7):997–1006. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.8205-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE. Treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis infection in patients with HIV. UptoDate; 2022. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-pneumocystis-pneumonia-in-patients-without-hiv?search=%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2#. Accessed March 16, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Charles F, Thomas MHL. Treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without HIV. UpToDate; 2022. Available from: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-and-prevention-of-pneumocystis-pneumonia-in-patients-without-hiv?search=%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2. Accessed March 16, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Tasaka S. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2020;83(2):132–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Maas A, Lecky F, Manley G, Stocchetti N, Murray G. The Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 years: standing the test of time. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):844–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura Y, Shindo Y, Iinuma Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of Pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV patients and prognostic factors including microbiological genotypes. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grønseth S, Rogne T, Hannula R, Åsvold BO, Afset JE, Damås JK. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of immunocompromised patients infected with Pneumocystis jirovecii in a twelve-year retrospective study from Norway. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji K, Michihata N, Miyairi I, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Recent epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2020;26(12):1260–1264. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2020.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyant RB, Kabbani D, Doucette K, Lau C, Cervera C. Pneumocystis jirovecii: a review with a focus on prevention and treatment. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021;22(12):1579–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(1):96–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masur H, Brooks JT, Benson CA, et al. Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: updated guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(9):1308–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryom L, De Miguel R, Cotter AG, et al. Major revision version 11.0 of the European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines 2021. HIV Med. 2022;23(8):849–858. doi:10.1111/hiv.13268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes W, Leoung G, Kramer F, et al. Comparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(21):1521–1527. doi:10.1056/NEJM199305273282103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohn MN, Weinberg WG, Torres RA, et al. Oral atovaquone compared with intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. Atovaquone Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121(3):174–180. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-3-199408010-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewald H, Raatz H, Boscacci R, Furrer H, Bucher HC, Briel M. Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(4):CD006150. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006150.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moon SM, Kim T, Sung H, et al. Outcomes of moderate-to-severe Pneumocystis pneumonia treated with adjunctive steroid in non-HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(10):4613–4618. doi:10.1128/AAC.00669-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delclaux C, Zahar JR, Amraoui G, et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: retrospective study of 31 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(3):670–672. doi:10.1086/598651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L, Huang H, Wang H, He H. Adjunctive corticosteroids may be associated with better outcome for non-HIV Pneumocystis pneumonia with respiratory failure: a systemic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):34. doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00649-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douzinas EE, Flevari K, Andrianakis I, Betrosian AP. Oral atovaquone for the treatment of severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010;42(1):76–78. doi:10.3109/00365540903321606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar