New strategies for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection and implications of resistance to new direct-acting antiviral agents

References

• WHOHepatitis B. Fact sheet 204. 2000 Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/. Accessed Sep 23 2010.
   Google Scholar
• QuerJEstebanJIEpidemiologyThomasHCLemonSZuckermanAJViral Hepatitis3rd edOxford, UKBlackwell Publishing2005407425
   Google Scholar
• WillemsMMetselaarHJTilanusHWSchalmSWde ManRALiver transplantation and hepatitis CTranspl Int2002152–3617211935162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIHNational Institutes of Health Consensus Development conference statement: management of hepatitis C 2002 (2002 Jun 10–12)Gastroenterology200212362082209912454863
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ButiMSan MiguelRBrosaMEstimating the impact of hepatitis C virus therapy on future liver-related morbidity, mortality and costs related to chronic hepatitis CJ Hepatol200542563964515826711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PawlotskyJMTherapy of hepatitis C: from empiricism to eradicationHepatology2006432 Suppl 1S207S22016447262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PoynardTMcHutchisonJMannsMImpact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis CGastroenterology200212251303131311984517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrunoSStroffoliniTColomboMSustained virological response to interferon-alpha is associated with improved outcome in HCV-related cirrhosis: a retrospective studyHepatology200745357958717326216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOGlobal surveillance and control of hepatitis C. Report of a WHO Consultation organized in collaboration with the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board, Antwerp, BelgiumJ Viral Hepat199961354710847128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedMWShiffmanMLReddyKRPeginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infectionN Engl J Med20023471397598212324553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannsMPMcHutchisonJGGordonSCPeginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trialLancet2001358928695896511583749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHutchisonJGLawitzEJShiffmanMLPeginterferon alfa-2b or alfa-2a with ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C infectionN Engl J Med2009361658059319625712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RumiMGAghemoAPratiGMRandomized study of peginterferon-alpha2a plus ribavirin vs peginterferon-alpha2b plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis CGastroenterology2010138110811519766645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BjornssonEVerbaanHOksanenAHealth-related quality of life in patients with different stages of liver disease induced by hepatitis CScand J Gastroenterol200944787888719437190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KotenkoSVGallagherGBaurinVVIFN-lambdas mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complexNat Immunol200341697712483210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SheppardPKindsvogelWXuWIL-28, IL-29 and their class II cytokine receptor IL-28RNat Immunol200341636812469119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarcelloTGrakouiABarba-SpaethGInterferons alpha and lambda inhibit hepatitis C virus replication with distinct signal transduction and gene regulation kineticsGastroenterology200613161887189817087946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobekMDBoydBSChisariFVLambda interferon inhibits hepatitis B and C virus replicationJ Virol20057963851385415731279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhuHButeraMNelsonDRLiuCNovel type I interferon IL-28A suppresses hepatitis C viral RNA replicationVirol J200528016146571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RauchAKutalikZDescombesPGenetic variation in IL28B is associated with chronic hepatitis C and treatment failure: a genome-wide association studyGastroenterology201013841338134520060832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BainVGKaitaKDYoshidaEMA phase 2 study to evaluate the antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of recombinant human albumin-interferon alfa fusion protein in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patientsJ Hepatol200644467167816487617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de LeedeLGHumphriesJEBechetACvan HoogdalemEJVerrijkRSpencerDGNovel controlled-release Lemna-derived IFN-alpha2b (Locteron): pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability in a phase I clinical trialJ Interferon Cytokine Res200828211312218279106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuckwoldVEWeiJHuangZAntiviral activity of CHO-SS cell-derived human omega interferon and other human interferons against HCV RNA replicons and related virusesAntiviral Res200773211812516987555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RohloffCMAlessiTRYangBDahmsJCarrJPLautenbachSDDUROS technology delivers peptides and proteins at consistent rate continuously for 3 to 12 monthsJ Diabetes Sci Technol20082346146719885211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WitthoftTReview of consensus interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis CBiologics20082463564319707444
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PeralesCAgudoRDomingoECounteracting quasispecies adaptability: extinction of a ribavirin-resistant virus mutant by an alternative mutagenic treatmentPLoS One200945e555419436746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ContrerasAMHiasaYHeWTerellaASchmidtEVChungRTViral RNA mutations are region specific and increased by ribavirin in a full-length hepatitis C virus replication systemJ Virol200276178505851712163570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LanfordREGuerraBLeeHAntiviral effect and virus-host interactions in response to alpha interferon, gamma interferon, poly(i)-poly(c), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and ribavirin in hepatitis C virus subgenomic repliconsJ Virol20037721092110412502825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KandaTYokosukaOImazekiFInhibition of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNA in Huh-7 cells: ribavirin induces mutagenesis in HCV RNAJ Viral Hepat200411647948715500548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KearneyKRThorntonJJNavarroVJTaribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis CExpert Opin Pharmacother20089183243324919040344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PoordadFLawitzEChunETreatment week 12 results of weight-based taribavirin versus weight-based ribavirin, both with peginterferon alfa-2b, in naive chronic hepatitis C, genotype 1 patients43rd Annual Meeting of the European Asociation for the Study of the Liver (EASL)Milan, Italy Abst. 996.2008
   Google Scholar
• SchinaziRFBassitLGavegnanoCHCV drug discovery aimed at viral eradicationJ Viral Hepat2010172779020040045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeimMHMoradpourDBlumHEExpression of hepatitis C virus proteins inhibits signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathwayJ Virol199973108469847510482599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuquinELarreaECiveiraMPPrietoJAldabeRHCV structural proteins interfere with interferon-alpha Jak/STAT signalling pathwayAntiviral Res200776219419717675168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MelenKFagerlundRNyqvistMKeskinenPJulkunenIExpression of hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits interferon-induced nuclear import of STATsJ Med Virol200473453654715221897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElazarMLiuMMcKennaSAThe anti-hepatitis C agent nitazoxanide induces phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha via protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA activationGastroenterology200913751827183519664635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RossignolJFElfertAKeeffeEBTreatment of chronic hepatitis C using a 4-week lead-in with nitazoxanide before peginterferon plus nitazoxanideJ Clin Gastroenterol201044750450920048684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaulAStaufferSBergerCEssential role of cyclophilin A for hepatitis C virus replication and virus production and possible link to polyprotein cleavage kineticsPLoS Pathog200958e100054619680534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorelJFFeurerCGublerHUStahelinHBiological effects of cyclosporin A: a new antilymphocytic agentAgents Actions1976644684758969
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PaeshuyseJKaulAde ClercqEThe non-immunosuppressive cyclosporin DEBIO-025 is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication in vitroHepatology200643476177016557546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WatashiKAlisporivir, a cyclosporin derivative that selectively inhibits cyclophilin, for the treatment of HCV infectionCurr Opin Investig Drugs2010112213224
   Google Scholar
• MaSBoernerJETiongYipCNIM811, a cyclophilin inhibitor, exhibits potent in vitro activity against hepatitis C virus alone or in combination with alpha interferonAntimicrob Agents Chemother20065092976298216940091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FlisiakRHorbanAGallayPThe cyclophilin inhibitor Debio-025 shows potent anti-hepatitis C effect in patients coinfected with hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virusHepatology200847381782618302285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoelmontLKapteinSPaeshuyseJDebio 025, a cyclophilin binding molecule, is highly efficient in clearing hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon-containing cells when used alone or in combination with specifically targeted antiviral therapy for HCV (STAT-C) inhibitorsAntimicrob Agents Chemother200953396797619104013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LanfordREHildebrandt-EriksenESPetriATherapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infectionScience2010327596219820119965718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TsaiWCHsuPWLaiTCMicroRNA-122, a tumor suppressor microRNA that regulates intrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinomaHepatology20094951571158219296470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KutayHBaiSDattaJDownregulation of miR-122 in the rodent and human hepatocellular carcinomasJ Cell Biochem200699367167816924677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MurakamiYYasudaTSaigoKComprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in hepatocellular carcinoma and non-tumorous tissuesOncogene200625172537254516331254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndrePPerlemuterGBudkowskaABrechotCLotteauVHepatitis C virus particles and lipoprotein metabolismSemin Liver Dis20052519310415732001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurloneMEBudkowskaAHepatitis C virus cell entry: role of lipoproteins and cellular receptorsJ Gen Virol200990Pt 51055107019264629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CocquerelLVoissetCDubuissonJHepatitis C virus entry: potential receptors and their biological functionsJ Gen Virol200687Pt 51075108416603507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiedrichGHow does hepatitis C virus enter cells?FEBS J2006273173871388516934030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EvansMJvon HahnTTscherneDMClaudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus co-receptor required for a late step in entryNature2007446713780180517325668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TscherneDMJonesCTEvansMJLindenbachBDMcKeatingJARiceCMTime- and temperature-dependent activation of hepatitis C virus for low-pH-triggered entryJ Virol20068041734174116439530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlanchardEBelouzardSGoueslainLHepatitis C virus entry depends on clathrin-mediated endocytosisJ Virol200680146964697216809302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoutsoudakisGKaulASteinmannECharacterization of the early steps of hepatitis C virus infection by using luciferase reporter virusesJ Virol200680115308532016699011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von HahnTRiceCMHepatitis C virus entryJ Biol Chem200828373689369317881349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PlossAEvansMJGaysinskayaVAHuman occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cellsNature2009457723188288619182773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuerJCosJMurilloPEstebanJIEstebanRGuardiaJImproved attachment of natural HCV isolate to Daudi cells upon elimination of immune complexes and close pH controlIntervirology200548528529115956795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChengGMonteroAGastaminzaPA virocidal amphipathic {alpha}-helical peptide that inhibits hepatitis C virus infection in vitroProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200810583088309318287023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeulemanPHesselgesserJPaulsonMAnti-CD81 antibodies can prevent a hepatitis C virus infection in vivoHepatology20084861761176819030166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangHSunFOwenDMHepatitis C virus production by human hepatocytes dependent on assembly and secretion of very low-density lipoproteinsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A2007104145848585317376867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GastaminzaPChengGWielandSZhongJLiaoWChisariFVCellular determinants of hepatitis C virus assembly, maturation, degradation, and secretionJ Virol20088252120212918077707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DurantelDAlotteCZoulimFGlucosidase inhibitors as antiviral agents for hepatitis B and CCurr Opin Investig Drugs200782125129
   Google Scholar
• Romero-LopezCDiaz-GonzalezRBarroso-delJesusABerzal-HerranzAInhibition of hepatitis C virus replication and internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation by an RNA moleculeJ Gen Virol200990Pt 71659166919264618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PawlotskyJMMore sensitive hepatitis C virus RNA detection: what for?J Hepatol201052678378520385426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LindenbachBDRiceCMUnravelling hepatitis C virus replication from genome to functionNature2005436705393393816107832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HanDSHahmBRhoHMJangSKIdentification of the protease domain in NS3 of hepatitis C virusJ Gen Virol199576Pt 49859939049347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de FrancescoRPessiASteinkuhlerCThe hepatitis C virus NS3 proteinase: structure and function of a zinc-containing serine proteinaseAntivir Ther19983Suppl 39910910726060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ValletSGouriouSNousbaumJBLegrand-QuillienMCGoudeauAPicardBGenetic heterogeneity of the NS3 protease gene in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 from untreated infected patientsJ Med Virol200575452853715714495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FoyELiKWangCRegulation of interferon regulatory factor-3 by the hepatitis C virus serine proteaseScience200330056221145114812702807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FoyELiKSumpterRJrControl of antiviral defenses through hepatitis C virus disruption of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I signalingProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200510282986299115710892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHutchisonJGEversonGTGordonSCTelaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin for chronic HCV genotype 1 infectionN Engl J Med2009360181827183819403902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HezodeCForestierNDusheikoGTelaprevir and peginterferon with or without ribavirin for chronic HCV infectionN Engl J Med2009360181839185019403903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KwoPLawitzEJMcConeJSchiffEVierlingJMPoundDHCV SPRINT-1 final results: SVR 24 from a phase 2 study of boceprevir plus PegIntron (peginterferon alfa-2b)/ribavirin in treatment-naive subjects with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis CJ Hepatol200950S4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReesinkHWZeuzemSWeeginkCJRapid decline of viral RNA in hepatitis C patients treated with VX-950: a phase Ib, placebo-controlled, randomized studyGastroenterology20061314997100217030169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarrazinCRouzierRWagnerFSCH 503034, a novel hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor, plus pegylated interferon alpha-2b for genotype 1 nonrespondersGastroenterology200713241270127817408662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForestierNReesinkHWWeeginkCJAntiviral activity of telaprevir (VX-950) and peginterferon alfa-2a in patients with hepatitis CHepatology200746364064817879366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TerraultNKhaliliMA glimpse of future hepatitis C virus treatment paradigmsHepatology201051270771020104511
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OparAExcitement grows for potential revolution in hepatitis C virus treatmentNat Rev Drug Discov20109750150320592732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BergTSarrazinCHerrmannEPrediction of treatment outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C: significance of baseline parameters and viral dynamics during therapyHepatology200337360060912601358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HadziyannisSJSetteHJrMorganTRPeginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin combination therapy in chronic hepatitis C: a randomized study of treatment duration and ribavirin doseAnn Intern Med2004140534635514996676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WohnslandAHofmannWPSarrazinCViral determinants of resistance to treatment in patients with hepatitis CClin Microbiol Rev2007201233817223621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JeffersLJCassidyWHowellCDHuSReddyKRPeginterferon alfa-2a (40 kd) and ribavirin for black American patients with chronic HCV genotype 1Hepatology20043961702170815185312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MyersRPPatelKPiankoSPoynardTMcHutchisonJGThe rate of fibrosis progression is an independent predictor of the response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis CJ Viral Hepat2003101162212558907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LauerGMWalkerBDHepatitis C virus infectionN Engl J Med20013451415211439948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChungRTAndersenJVolberdingPPeginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin versus interferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-coinfected personsN Engl J Med2004351545145915282352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThomasDLThioCLMartinMPGenetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virusNature2009461726579880119759533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GeDFellayJThompsonAJGenetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearanceNature2009461726239940119684573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuppiahVMoldovanMAhlenstielGIL28B is associated with response to chronic hepatitis C interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapyNat Genet200941101100110419749758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanakaYNishidaNSugiyamaMGenome-wide association of IL28B with response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis CNat Genet200941101105110919749757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AsselahTGenetic polymorphism and response to treatment in chronic hepatitis C: the future of personalized medicineJ Hepatol201052345245420133003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthyJJLiJHThompsonAReplicated association between an IL28B gene variant and a sustained response to pegylated interferon and ribavirinGastroenterology201013872307231420176026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MuirAJBornsteinJDKillenbergPGAltantic Coast Hepatitis Treatment GroupPeginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in blacks and non-Hispanic whitesN Engl J Med2004350222265227115163776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ConjeevaramHSFriedMWJeffersLJPeginterferon and ribavirin treatment in African American and Caucasian American patients with hepatitis C genotype 1Gastroenterology2006131247047716890601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YuMLDaiCYHuangJFRapid virological response and treatment duration for chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients: a randomized trialHepatology20084761884189318508296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorowskiPLangMHaagABaierATropolone and its derivatives as inhibitors of the helicase activity of hepatitis C virus nucleotide triphosphatase/helicaseAntivir Chem Chemother200718210310917542155
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boguszewska-ChachulskaAMKrawczykMNajdaASearching for a new anti-HCV therapy: synthesis and properties of tropolone derivativesBiochem Biophys Res Commun2006341264164716438939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KrawczykMWasowska-LukawskaMOszczapowiczIBoguszewska-ChachulskaAMAmidinoanthracyclines – a new group of potential anti-hepatitis C virus compoundsBiol Chem2009390435136019199832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeaulieuPLRecent advances in the development of NS5B polymerase inhibitors for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infectionExpert Opin Ther Pat200919214516419441916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangZPengJCaiZHuangCMurrayMGNovel molecular as a potent HCV helicase inhibitor15th International Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus and Related VirusesSan Antonio, TX2010 Abstract # 278:156.
   Google Scholar
• EinavSElazarMDanieliTGlennJSA nucleotide binding motif in hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4B mediates HCV RNA replicationJ Virol20047820112881129515452248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EinavSGerberDBrysonPDDiscovery of a hepatitis C target and its pharmacological inhibitors by microfluidic affinity analysisNat Biotechnol20082691019102718758449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacdonaldAHarrisMHepatitis C virus NS5A: tales of a promiscuous proteinJ Gen Virol200485Pt 92485250215302943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanSLKatzeMGHow hepatitis C virus counteracts the interferon response: the jury is still out on NS5AVirology2001284111211352662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeathcoteJMainJTreatment of hepatitis CJ Viral Hepat200512322323515850462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NettlesREChungEPerssonABMS-790052 is a first-in-class potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor for patients with chronic HCV infection: results from a proof-of-concept studyHepatology200848Suppl 4 Abstract # LB12.
   Google Scholar
• GaoMNettlesREBelemaMChemical genetics strategy identifies an HCV NS5A inhibitor with a potent clinical effectNature201046572949610020410884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DomingoERNA virus evolution and the control of viral diseaseJuckerEProgress in Drug ResearchVol. XXXIIIBasel, SwitzerlandBirkhauser Verlag198993133
   Google Scholar
• GaneEJStedmanCFirst-in-man demonstration of potent antiviral activity with a nucleoside polymerase (R7128) and protease (R7227/ITMN-191) inhibitor combination in HCV: safety, pharmacokinetics, and virologic results from INFORM-1J Hepatol200850Suppl 1 Abstract # 1046, S380.
   Google Scholar
• NeumannAULamNPDahariHHepatitis C viral dynamics in vivo and the antiviral efficacy of interferon-alpha therapyScience199828253861031079756471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HerrmannENeumannAUSchmidtJMZeuzemSHepatitis C virus kineticsAntivir Ther200052859010971860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuerJEstebanJICosJEffect of bottlenecking on evolution of the nonstructural protein 3 gene of hepatitis C virus during sexually transmitted acute resolving infectionJ Virol20057924151311514116306585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OkamotoHKojimaMOkadaSGenetic drift of hepatitis C virus during an 8.2-year infection in a chimpanzee: variability and stabilityVirology199219028948991325713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DomingoEHollandJJMutation rates and rapid evolution of RNA virusesMorseSSEvolutionary Biology of VirusesNew YorkRaven Press1994161184
   Google Scholar
• VignuzziMStoneJKArnoldJJCameronCEAndinoRQuasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral populationNature2006439707434434816327776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VilletSBillioudGPichoudCIn vitro characterization of viral fitness of therapy-resistant hepatitis B variantsGastroenterology2009136116817618996386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NijhuisMvan MaarseveenNMBoucherCAAntiviral resistance and impact on viral replication capacity: evolution of viruses under antiviral pressure occurs in three phasesHandb Exp Pharmacol200918929932019048205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ForestierNSusserSWelkerMKareyUZeuzemSSarrazinCLong term follow up of patients previously treated with telaprevirHepatology2008484 Suppl 1 760A (1011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DomingoERuiz-JaraboCMSierraSEmergence and selection of RNA virus variants: memory and extinctionVirus Res2002821–2394411885948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SusserSWelschCWangYCharacterization of resistance to the protease inhibitor boceprevir in hepatitis C virus-infected patientsHepatology20095061709171819787809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TongXChaseRSkeltonAChenTWright-MinogueJMalcolmBAIdentification and analysis of fitness of resistance mutations against the HCV protease inhibitor SCH 503034Antiviral Res2006702283816448708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YiMTongXSkeltonAMutations conferring resistance to SCH6, a novel hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor. Reduced RNA replication fitness and partial rescue by second-site mutationsJ Biol Chem2006281128205821516352601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LinCGatesCARaoBGIn vitro studies of cross-resistance mutations against two hepatitis C virus serine protease inhibitors, VX-950 and BILN 2061J Biol Chem200528044367843679116087668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ThompsonAJMcHutchisonJGAntiviral resistance and specif ically targeted therapy for HCV (STAT-C)J Viral Hepat200916637738719472445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar