67
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

CMV and transfusions, an old story that's not quite over yet

Pages 7-19 | Published online: 10 May 2014

References

  • Ho M. The history of cytomegalovirus and its diseases. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2008;197(2):65–73.
  • Boeckh M, Geballe AP. Cytomegalovirus: pathogen, paradigm, and puzzle. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(5):1673–1680.
  • Kantor GL, Goldberg LS, Johnson BL Jr, Derechin, MM, Barnett EV. Immunologic abnormalities induced by postperfusion cytomegalovirus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1970;73(4):553–558.
  • Stevens DP, Barker LF, Ketcham AS, Meyer HM Jr. Asymptomatic cytomegalovirus infection following blood transfusion in tumor surgery. JAMA. 1970;211(8):1341–1344.
  • Lerner PI, Sampliner JE. Transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. Ann Surg. 1977;185(4):406–410.
  • Crough T, Khanna R. Immunobiology of human cytomegalovirus: from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):76–98.
  • Krech U. Complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different parts of the world. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;49(1):103–106.
  • Bate SL, Dollard SC, Cannon MJ. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination surveys, 1988–2004. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(11):1439–1447.
  • Collier AC, Meyers JD, Corey L, Murphy VL, Roberts PL, Handsfield HH. Cytomegalovirus infection in homosexual men. Relationship to sexual practices, antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, and cell-mediated immunity. Am J Med. 1987;82(3 Spec No):593–601.
  • Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D. Immunology. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2001.
  • Compton T, Kurt-Jones EA, Boehme EW, et al. Human cytomegalovirus activates inflammatory cytokine responses via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Virol. 2003;77(8):4588–4596.
  • Venema H, van den Berg AP, van Zanten C, van Son WJ, van der Giessen M, The TH. Natural killer cell responses in renal transplant patients with cytomegalovirus infection. J Med Virol. 1994;42(2):188–192.
  • Hadaya K, de Rham C, Bandelier C, et al. Natural killer cell receptor repertoire and their ligands, and the risk of CMV Infection after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2008;8(12):2674–2683.
  • Orange JS. Human natural killer cell deficiencies and susceptibility to infection. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(15):1545–1558.
  • Jonjić S, Pavić I, Polić B, Crnković I, Lucin P, Koszinowski UH. Antibodies are not essential for the resolution of primary cytomegalovirus infection but limit dissemination of recurrent virus. J Exp Med. 1994;179(5):1713–1717.
  • Klenovsek K, Weisel F, Schneider A, et al. Protection from CMV infection in immunodeficient hosts by adoptive transfer of memory B cells. Blood. 2007;110(9):3472–3479.
  • Sester M, Gärtner BC, Sester U, Girndt M, Mueller-Lantzsch N, Köhler H. Is the cytomegalovirus serologic status always accurate? A comparative analysis of humoral and cellular immunity. Transplantation. 2003;76(8):1229–1230.
  • Snydman DR, Werner BG, Heinze-Lacey B, et al. Use of Cytomegalovirus Immune Globulin to Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Renal-Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(17):1049–1054.
  • Nigro G, Adler SP, La Torre R, Best AM; Congenital Cytomegalovirus Collaborating Group. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(13):1350–1362.
  • Raanani P, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Ben-Bassat I, Leibovici L, Shpilberg O. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis in hematological malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;4:CD006501.
  • Reusser P, Riddell SR, Meyers JD, Greenberg PD. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response to cytomegalovirus after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: pattern of recovery and correlation with cytomegalovirus infection and disease. Blood. 1991;78(5):1373–1380.
  • Widmann T, Sester U, Gärtner BC, et al. Levels of CMV Specific CD4 T cells are dynamic and correlate with CMV viremia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3634.
  • Sester U, Gärtner BC, Wilkens H, et al. Differences in CMV-specific T-cell levels and long-term susceptibility to CMV infection after kidney, heart and lung transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2005;5(6):1483–1489.
  • Déchanet J, Merville P, Bergé F, et al. Major expansion of gammadelta T lymphocytes following cytomegalovirus infection in kidney allograft recipients. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(1):1–8.
  • Riddell SR, Watanabe KS, Goodrich JM, Li CR, Agha ME, Greenberg PD. Restoration of viral immunity in immunodeficient humans by the adoptive transfer of T cell clones. Science. 1992;257(5067):238–241.
  • Walter EA, Greenberg PD, Gilbert MJ, et al. Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(16):1038–1044.
  • Einsele H, Roosnek E, Rufer N, et al. Infusion of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells for the treatment of CMV infection not responding to antiviral chemotherapy. Blood. 2002;99(11):3916–3922.
  • Sester M, Sester U, Gärtner BC, Girndt M, Meyerhans A, Köhler H. Dominance of virus-specific CD8 T cells in human primary cytomegalovirus infection. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(10):2577–2584.
  • Elkington R, Shoukry NH, Walker S, et al. Cross-reactive recognition of human and primate cytomegalovirus sequences by human CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for glycoprotein B and H. Eur J Immunol. 2004;34(11):3216–3226.
  • Klenerman P, Dunbar PR. CMV and the art of memory maintenance. Immunity. 2008;29(4):520–522.
  • Goodrum F, Caviness K, Zagallo P. Human cytomegalovirus persistence. Cell Microbiol. 2012;14(5):644–655.
  • Jackson SE, Mason GM, Wills MR. Human cytomegalovirus immunity and immune evasion. Virus Res. 2011;157(2):151–160.
  • Mocarski ES Jr. Immunomodulation by cytomegaloviruses: manipulative strategies beyond evasion. Trends Microbiol. 2002;10(7):332–339.
  • Cook CH, Trgovcich J. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent hosts: a decade of progress and remaining challenges. Antiviral Res. 2011;90(3):151–159.
  • Kurz S, Steffens HP, Mayer A, Harris JR, Reddehase MJ. Latency versus persistence or intermittent recurrences: evidence for a latent state of murine cytomegalovirus in the lungs. J Virol. 1997;71(4):2980–2987.
  • Steininger C. Clinical relevance of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with disorders of the immune system. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(10):953–963.
  • Renzette N, Bhattacharjee B, Jensen JD, Gibson L, Kowalik TF. Extensive genome-wide variability of human cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected infants. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(5):e1001344.
  • Miller DM, Zhang Y, Rahill BM, Waldman WJ, Sedmak DD. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits IFN-alpha-stimulated antiviral and immunoregulatory responses by blocking multiple levels of IFN-alpha signal Transduction. J Immunol. 1999;162(10):6107–6113.
  • Terhune S, Torigoi E, Moorman N, Silva M, Qian Z, Shenk T, Yu D. Human cytomegalovirus UL38 protein blocks apoptosis. J Virol. 2007;81(7):3109–3123.
  • Marshall EE, Geballe AP. Multifaceted evasion of the interferon response by cytomegalovirus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2009;29(9):609–619.
  • Slobedman B, Barry PA, Spencer JV, Avdic S, Abendroth A. Virus-encoded homologs of cellular interleukin-10 and their control of host immune function. J Virol. 2009;83(19):9618–9629.
  • Wilkinson GW, Tomasec P, Stanton RJ, et al. Modulation of natural killer cells by human cytomegalovirus. J Clin Virol. 2008;41(3):206–212.
  • Hegde NR, Tomazin RA, Wisner TW, et al. Inhibition of HLA-DR assembly, transport, and loading by human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein US3: a novel mechanism for evading major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. J Virol. 2002;76(21):10929–10941.
  • Luck S, Sharland M. Postnatal cytomegalovirus: innocent bystander or hidden problem? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94(1):F58–F64.
  • Stagno S, Pass RF, Cloud G, et al. Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Incidence, transmission to fetus, and clinical outcome. JAMA. 1986;256(14):1904–1908.
  • Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ. Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(18):1366–1371.
  • Kenneson A, Cannon MJ. Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rev Med Virol. 2007;17(4):253–276.
  • Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs. Report of the Cytomegalovirus Steering Group. London: Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs; 2012. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/215126/dh_132966.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2013.
  • Gandhi MK, Khanna R. Human cytomegalovirus: clinical aspects, immune regulation, and emerging treatments. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(12):725–738.
  • Sissons JG, Carmichael AJ. Clinical aspects and management of cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect. 2002;44(2):78–83.
  • Boeckh M, Ljungman P. How we treat cytomegalovirus in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Blood. 2009;113(23):5711–5719.
  • Hassan-Walker AF, Kidd IM, Sabin C, Sweny P, Griffiths PD, Emery VC. Quantity of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia as a risk factor for CMV disease in renal allograft recipients: relationship with donor/recipient CMV serostatus, receipt of augmented methylprednisolone and antithymocyte globulin (ATG). J Med Virol. 1999;58(2):182–187.
  • Sandherr M, Einsele H, Hebart H, et al; Infectious Diseases Working Party, German Society for Hematology and Oncology. Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with haematological malignancies and solid tumours: Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Oncol. 2006;17(7):1051–1059.
  • Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al; Transplantation Society International CMV Consensus Group. Updated international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2013;96(4):333–360.
  • Ljungman P, Griffiths P, Paya C. Definitions of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(8):1094–1097.
  • Arthurs SK, Eid AJ, Pedersen RA, et al. Delayed-onset primary cytomegalovirus disease and the risk of allograft failure and mortality after kidney transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(6):840–846.
  • Zuk DM, Humar A, Weinkauf JG, Lien DC, Nador RG, Kumar D. An international survey of cytomegalovirus management practices in lung transplantation. Transplantation. 2010;90(6):672–676.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Atlanta, GA, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5804a1.htm Accessed November dd, 2013.
  • Freeman RB Jr. The ‘indirect’ effects of cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(11):2453–2458.
  • Varani S, Landini MP. Cytomegalovirus-induced immunopathology and its clinical consequences. Herpesviridae. 2011;2(1):6.
  • Husni RN, Gordon SM, Longworth DL, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in lung transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26(3):753–755.
  • Nichols WG, Corey L, Gooley T, Davis C, Boeckh M. High risk of death due to bacterial and fungal infection among cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seronegative recipients of stem cell transplants from seropositive donors: evidence for indirect effects of primary CMV infection. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(3):273–282.
  • Burak KW, Kremers WK, Batts KP, et al. Impact of cytomegalovirus infection, year of transplantation, and donor age on outcomes after liver transplantation for hepatitis C. Liver Transpl. 2002;8(4):362–369.
  • Fernández EJ, Auyanet I, Guerra R, et al. [Primary cytomegalovirus infection causing a kidney transplant patient to develop cryoagglutinins and cryoglobulins]. Nefrologia. 2010;30(2):267–268. Spanish.
  • Mengarelli A, Minotti C, Palumbo G, et al. High levels of antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with cytomegalovirus infection in unrelated bone marrow and cord blood allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2000;108(1):126–131.
  • Sekigawa I, Nawata M, Seta N, Yamada M, Iida N, Hashimoto H. Cytomegalovirus infection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002;20(4):559–564.
  • Lidar M, Lipschitz N, Langevitz P, et al. Infectious serologies and autoantibodies in Wegener’s granulomatosis and other vasculitides: novel associations disclosed using the Rad BioPlex 2200. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173:649–657.
  • Valderhaug TG, Hjelmesaeth J, Rollag H, et al. Reduced incidence of new-onset posttransplantation diabetes mellitus during the last decade. Transplantation. 2007;84(9):1125–1130.
  • Potena L, Valantine HA. Cytomegalovirus and development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: evidences and therapeutic implications. Trends in Transplant. 2010;4:108–116.
  • Simmonds J, Fenton M, Dewar C, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and cytomegalovirus replication in pediatric heart transplantation. Circulation. 2008;117(20):2657–2661.
  • Sagedal S, Hartmann A, Nordal KP, et al. Impact of early cytomegalovirus infection and disease on long-term recipient and kidney graft survival. Kidney Int. 2004;66(1):329–337.
  • Potena L, Grigioni F, Magnani G, et al. Prophylaxis versus preemptive anti-cytomegalovirus approach for prevention of allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28(5):461–467.
  • Limaye AP, Kirby KA, Rubenfeld GD, et al. Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients. JAMA. 2008;300(4):413–422.
  • Ross SA, Novak Z, Pati S, Boppana SB. Overview of the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2011;11(5):466–474.
  • Schmidt T, Ritter M, Dirks J, Gärtner BC, Sester U, Sester M. Cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell immunity to assign the infection status in individuals with passive immunity: a proof of principle. J Clin Virol. 2012;54(3):272–275.
  • cdc.gov [homepage on the Internet]. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and congenital CMV infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010 [updated December 6, 2010]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/cmv/clinical/lab-tests.html. Accessed November 28, 2013.
  • Gerna G, Lilleri D, Fornara C, et al. Monitoring of human cytomegalovirus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell immunity in patients receiving solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2006;6(10):2356–2364.
  • British Transplantation Society. Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of CMV Disease after Solid Organ Transplantation. Cheshire, UK: British Transplantation Society; 2011. Available from: http://www.bts.org.uk/Documents/Guidelines/Active/Final%20CMV%20Guideline%20for%20web%2012-9-2011.pdf. Accessed November 28, 2013.
  • Raanani P, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Ben-Bassat I, Leibovici L, Shpilberg O. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):770–781.
  • Potena L, Holweg CT, Chin C, et al. Acute rejection and cardiac allograft vascular disease is reduced by suppression of subclinical cytomegalovirus infection. Transplantation. 2006;82(3):398–405.
  • Price NB, Prichard MN. Progress in the development of new therapies for herpesvirus infections. Curr Opin Virol. 2011;1(6):548–554.
  • Bowden RA, Sayers M, Flournoy N, et al. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin and seronegative blood products to prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(16):1006–1010.
  • Miller WJ, McCullough J, Balfour HH Jr, Prevention of cytomegalovirus infection following bone marrow transplantation: a randomized trial of blood product screening. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1991;7(3):227–234.
  • Ziemann M, Krueger S, Maier AB, Unmack A, Goerg S, Hennig H. High prevalence of cytomegalovirus DNA in plasma samples of blood donors in connection with seroconversion. Transfusion. 2007;47(11):1972–1983.
  • Booth JC, Hannington G, Bakir TM, et al. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, complement fixation, anticomplement immunofluorescence and passive haemagglutination techniques for detecting cytomegalovirus IgG antibody. J Clin Pathol. 1982;35(12):1345–1348.
  • Taswell HF, Reisner RK, Rabe DE, Shelley CD, Smith TF. Comparison of three methods for detecting antibody to cytomegalovirus. Transfusion. 1986;26(3):285–289.
  • Logan S, Barbara J, Kovar I. Cytomegalovirus screened blood for neonatal intensive care units. Arch Dis Child. 1988;63(7 Spec No):753–755.
  • Faix RG. Cytomegalovirus antigenic heterogeneity can cause false-negative results in indirect hemagglutination and complement fixation antibody assays. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22(5):768–771.
  • Larsson S, Söderberg-Nauclér C, Wang FZ, Möller E. Cytomegalovirus DNA can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from all seropositive and most seronegative healthy blood donors over time. Transfusion. 1998;38(3):271–278.
  • Roback JD, Drew WL, Laycock ME, Todd D, Hillyer CD, Busch MP. CMV DNA is rarely detected in healthy blood donors using validated PCR assays. Transfusion. 2003;43(3):314–321.
  • Drew WL, Roback JD. Prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus: reactivation of the debate? Transfusion. 2007;47(11):1955–1958.
  • Patterson BJ, Freedman J, Blanchette V, et al. Effect of premedication guidelines and leukoreduction on the rate of febrile nonhaemolytic platelet transfusion reactions. Transfus Med. 2000;10(3):199–206.
  • Pruss A, Kalus U, Radtke H, et al. Universal leukodepletion of blood components results in a significant reduction of febrile non-hemolytic but not allergic transfusion reactions. Transfus Apher Sci. 2004;30(1):41–46.
  • Eernisse JG, Brand A. Prevention of platelet refractoriness due to HLA antibodies by administration of leukocyte-poor blood components. Exp Hematol. 1981;9(1):77–83.
  • Schiffer CA, Dutcher JP, Aisner J, Hogge D, Wiernik PH, Reilly JP. A randomized trial of leukocyte-depleted platelet transfusion to modify alloimmunization in patients with leukemia. Blood. 1983;62(4):815–820.
  • McFarland J, Menitove J, Kagen L, et al. Leukocyte reduction and ultraviolet B irradiation of platelets to prevent alloimmunization and refractoriness to platelet transfusions. The Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(26):1861–1869.
  • Seftel MD, Growe GH, Petraszko T, et al. Universal prestorage leukoreduction in Canada decreases platelet alloimmunization and refractoriness. Blood. 2004;103(1):333–339.
  • Bilgin YM, Brand A. Transfusion-related immunomodulation: a second hit in an inflammatory cascade? Vox Sang. 2008;95(4):261–271.
  • Vamvakas EC, Blajchman MA. Blood still kills: six strategies to further reduce allogeneic blood transfusion-related mortality. Transfus Med Rev. 2010;24(2):77–124.
  • Williamson LM, Stainsby D, Jones H, et al. The impact of universal leukodepletion of the blood supply on hemovigilance reports of posttransfusion purpura and transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Transfusion. 2007;47(8):1455–1467.
  • Sparrow RL, Patton KA. Supernatant from stored red blood cell primes inflammatory cells: influence of prestorage white cell reduction. Transfusion. 2004;44(5):722–730.
  • Silliman CC, Ambruso DR, Boshkov LK. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood. 2005;105(6):2266–2273.
  • Cervia JS, Wenz B, Ortolano GA. Leukocyte reduction’s role in the attenuation of infection risks among transfusion recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(8):1008–1013.
  • Gregori L, McCombie N, Palmer D, et al. Effectiveness of leucoreduction for removal of infectivity of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies from blood. Lancet. 2004;364(9433):529–531.
  • Ludlam CA, Turner ML. Managing the risk of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease by blood products. Br J Haematol. 2006;132(1):13–24.
  • Davidson F, Lycett C, Jarvis LM, et al. Detection of HTLV-I and -II in Scottish blood donor samples and archive donations. Vox Sang. 2006;91(3):231–236.
  • Davison KL, Dow B, Barbara JA, Hewitt PE, Eglin R. The introduction of anti-HTLV testing of blood donations and the risk of transfusion-transmitted HTLV, UK: 2002–2006. Transfus Med. 2009; 19(1):24–34.
  • Rawal BD, Busch MP, Endow R, et al. Reduction of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells from donor blood by leukocyte filtration. Transfusion. 1989;29(5):460–462.
  • Bruisten SM, Tersmette M, Wester MR, Vos AHV, Koppelman MH, Huisman JG. Efficiency of white cell filtration and a freeze-thaw procedure for removal of HIV-infected cells from blood. Transfusion. 1990;30(9):833–837.
  • Vamvakas EC. The case against universal white blood cell reduction. ISBT Science Series. 2006;1(1):64–72.
  • Brady MT, Milam JD, Anderson DC, et al. Use of deglycerolized red blood cells to prevent posttransfusion infection with cytomegalovirus in neonates. J Infect Dis. 1984;150(3):334–339.
  • Luban NL, Williams AE, MacDonald MG, Mikesell GT, Williams KM, Sacher RA. Low incidence of acquired cytomegalovirus infection in neonates transfused with washed red blood cells. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141(4):416–419.
  • Gilbert GL, Hayes K, Hudson IL, James J. Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in infants by blood filtration to remove leucocytes. Neonatal Cytomegalovirus Infection Study Group. Lancet. 1989;1(8649):1228–1231.
  • Eisenfeld L, Silver H, McLaughlin J, et al. Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in neonatal patients by the removal of white cells from blood. Transfusion. 1992;32(3):205–209.
  • Triulzi DJ, Dzik WH. Leukocyte-reduced blood components: laboratory and clinical aspects. In: Simon TL, Snyder EL, Solheim BG, Stowell CP, Strauss RG, Petrides M, editors. Rossi’s Principles of Transfusion Medicine. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009: 228–246.
  • Kakaiya R, Aronson CA, Julleis J. Whole blood collection and component processing. In: Roback JD, Combs MR, Grossman BJ, Hillyer CD, editors. Technical Manual, 16th edition. Bethesda, MD: AABB; 2008:189–228.
  • Dumont LJ, Luka J, VandenBroeke T, Whitley P, Ambruso DR, Elfath MD. The effect of leukocyte-reduction method on the amount of human cytomegalovirus in blood products: a comparison of apheresis and filtration methods. Blood. 2001;97(11):3640–3647.
  • Verdonck LF, de Graan-Hentzen YC, Dekker AW, Mudde GC, de Gast GC. Cytomegalovirus seronegative platelets and leukocyte-poor red blood cells from random donors can prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1987;2(1):73–78.
  • Murphy MF, Grint PCA, Hardiman AE, Lister TA, Waters AH. Use of leucocyte-poor blood components to prevent primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1988;70(2):253–254.
  • de Graan-Hentzen YC, Gratama JW, Mudde GC, et al. Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection in patients with hematologic malignancies by intensive white cell depletion of blood products. Transfusion. 1989;29(9):757–760.
  • van Prooijen HC, Visser JJ, van Oostendorp WR, de Gast GC, Verdonck LF. Prevention of primary transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in bone marrow transplant recipients by the removal of white cells from blood components with high-affinity filters. Br J Haematol. 1994;87(1):144–147.
  • Bowden RA, Slichter SJ, Sayers MH, Mori M, Cays MJ, Meyers JD. Use of leukocyte-depleted platelets and cytomegalovirus-seronegative red blood cells for prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplant. Blood. 1991;78(1):246–250.
  • Pamphilon DH, Foot ABM, Adeodu A, et al. Prophylaxis and prevention of CMV infection in BM allograft recipients: Leucodepleted platelets are equivalent to those from CMV seronegative donors. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;23(Suppl 1):S66.
  • Nichols WG, Price TH, Gooley T, Corey L, Boeckh M. Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection after receipt of leukoreduced blood products. Blood. 2003;101(10):4195–4200.
  • Ljungman P, Larsson K, Kumlien G, et al. Leukocyte depleted, unscreened blood products give a low risk for CMV infection and disease in CMV seronegative allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients with seronegative stem cell donors. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(5):347–350.
  • Bowden RA, Slichter SJ, Sayers M, et al. A comparison of filtered leukocyte-reduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV Infection after marrow transplant. Blood. 1995;86(9):3598–3603.
  • James DJ, Sikotra S, Sivakumaran M, et al. The presence of free infectious cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the plasma of donated CMV-seropositive blood and platelets. Transfus Med. 1997;7(2):123–126.
  • Vamvakas EC. Is white blood cell reduction equivalent to antibody screening in preventing transmission of cytomegalovirus by transfusion? A review of the literature and meta-analysis. Transfus Med Rev. 2005;19(3):181–199.
  • Ziemann M, Heuft HG, Frank K, Kraas S, Görg S, Hennig H. Window period donations during primary cytomegalovirus infection and risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. Transfusion. 2013;53(5):1088–1094.
  • Furui Y, Satake M, Hoshi Y, Uchida S, Suzuki K, Tadokoro K. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence in Japanese blood donors and high detection frequency of CMV DNA in elderly donors. Transfusion. 2013;53(10):2190–2197.
  • Dollard SC, Roback JD, Gunthel C, et al. Measurements of human herpesvirus 8 viral load in blood before and after leukoreduction filtration. Transfusion. 2013;53(10):2164–2167.
  • Roback JD, Josephson CD. New insights for preventing transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus and other white blood cell-associated viral infections. Transfusion. 2013; 53(10):2112–2116.
  • Bryant BJ, Klein HG. Pathogen inactivation: the definitive safeguard for the blood supply. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(5):719–733.
  • Vamvakas EC, Blajchman MA. Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention. Blood. 2009;113(15):3406–3417.
  • Marschner S, Goodrich R. Pathogen Reduction Technology Treatment of Platelets, Plasma and Whole Blood Using Riboflavin and UV Light. Transfus Med Hemother. 2011;38(1):8–18.
  • Fast LD, DiLeone G, Marschner S. Inactivation of human white blood cells in platelet products after pathogen reduction technology treatment in comparison to gamma irradiation. Transfusion. 2011;51(7):1397–1404.
  • van Rhenen D, Gulliksson H, Cazenave JP, et al; euroSPRITE trial. Transfusion of pooled buffy coat platelet components prepared with photochemical pathogen inactivation treatment: the euroSPRITE trial. Blood. 2003;101(6):2426–2433.
  • McCullough J, Vesole DH, Benjamin RJ, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of platelets treated with a photochemical process for pathogen inactivation: the SPRINT Trial. Blood. 2004;104(5):1534–1541.
  • Schleiss MR. Cytomegalovirus vaccine development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2008;325:361–382.
  • Sung S, Schleiss MR. Update on the current status of cytomegalovirus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2010;9(11):1303–1314.