Drug–Drug Interactions of Newly Approved Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents in Patients with Hepatitis C

References

• Thrift AP, El-Serag HB, Kanwal F. Global epidemiology and burden of HCV infection and HCV-related disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14:122–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghany MG, Liang TJ. Current and future therapies for hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:679–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strader DB, Seeff LB. A brief history of the treatment of viral hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis. 2012;1:6–11. doi:10.1002/cld.1
   Google Scholar
• Smith BD, Jorgensen C, Zibbell JE, Beckett GA. Centers for disease control and prevention initiatives to prevent hepatitis C virus infection: a selective update. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:S49–S53. doi:10.1093/cid/cis363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison KL, German P, Mogalian E, Mathias A. The drug-drug interaction potential of antiviral agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018;117:079038.
   Google Scholar
• Chahine EB, Kelley D, Childs-Kean LM. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir: a pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral combination for hepatitis C. Ann Pharmacother. 2017;52:1060028017741508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaoui LR, Mansour H, Chahine EB. Elbasvir-grazoprevir: a new direct-acting antiviral combination for hepatitis C. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74:1533–1540. doi:10.2146/ajhp160558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yinan Y, Ming Y, Jie W, et al. Grazoprevir and elbasvir in patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection: a comprehensive efficacy and safety analysis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2017:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backus LI, Belperio PS, Shahoumian TA, Mole LA. Direct-acting antiviral sustained virologic response: impact on mortality in patients without advanced liver disease. Hepatology. 2018;68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butt AA, Yan P, Simon TG, Abou-Samra AB. Effect of paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir/dasabuvir and ledipasvir/sofosbuvir regimens on survival compared with untreated hepatitis C virus-infected persons: results from ERCHIVES. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65:1006. doi:10.1093/cid/cix364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster GR, Irving WL, Cheung MC, et al. Impact of direct acting antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2016;64:1224–1231. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CW, Dutta S, Asatryan A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ABT-493: a first-in-human study. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106:645–651. doi:10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauffenburger JC, Mayer CL, Hawke RL, Brouwer KL, Fried MW, Farley JF. Medication use and medical comorbidity in patients with chronic hepatitis C from a US commercial claims database: high utilization of drugs with interaction potential. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26:1073. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolders EJ, Berden FA, de Kanter CT, Kievit W, Drenth JP, Burger DM. The majority of hepatitis C patients treated with direct acting antivirals are at risk for relevant drug-drug interactions. United European Gastroenterol J. 2016;5:648–657. doi:10.1177/2050640616678151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger D, Back D, Buggisch P, et al. Clinical management of drug–drug interactions in HCV therapy: challenges and solutions. J Hepatol. 2013;58:792–800. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.10.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsherif O, Khoo S, Solas C. Key drug-drug interactions with direct-acting antiviral in HIV-HCV coinfection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2015;10:348–354. doi:10.1097/COH.0000000000000185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison KL, German P, Mogalian E, Mathias A. The drug-drug interaction potential of antiviral agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Drug Metab Dispos. 2018;46:1212–1225. doi:10.1124/dmd.117.079038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano V, Labarga P, Fernandez-Montero JV, et al. Drug interactions in HIV-infected patients treated for hepatitis C. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017;13(8):807–816. doi:10.1080/17425255.2017.1351942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talavera PS, Boyer A, Lamblin G, et al. Managing drug-drug interactions with new direct-acting antiviral agents in chronic hepatitis C. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;83:269. doi:10.1111/bcp.13095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating GM. Elbasvir/grazoprevir: first global approval. Drugs. 2016;76:617–624. doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0558-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Co., M. Zepatier (elbasvir/grazoprevir): US prescribing information. 2017. Available from: https://wwwaccessdatafdagov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/208261Orig1s003lbledtpdf. Accessed November 9, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Caro L, Talaty JE, Guo Z, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between the HCV protease inhibitor MK-5172 and midazolam, pitavastatin, and atorvastatin in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Hepatology. 2013;58:437A–438A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro L, Talaty JE, Guo Z, Butterfield K, Prueksaritanont T. Pharmacokinetic interaction between the HCV protease inhibitor MK-5172 and IV and oral rifampin in healthy volunteers. Hepatology. 2013;58:446A–447A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating GM. Elbasvir/grazoprevir: first global approval. Drugs. 2016;76:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency., E. M. Summary product of characteristics ZEPATIER. 2016. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_Product_Information/human/004126/WC500211235.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Caro L, Wenning L, Guo Z, et al. Effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of grazoprevir, a hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:00813–00817. doi:10.1128/AAC.00813-17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassas ME, Elbaz T, Latif YAE, Esmat G. Elbasvir and grazoprevir for chronic hepatitis C genotypes 1 and 4. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9:1413. doi:10.1080/17512433.2016.1233813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth D, Nelson DR, Bruchfeld A, et al. Grazoprevir plus elbasvir in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection and stage 4–5 chronic kidney disease (the C-SURFER study): a combination phase 3 study. Lancet. 2015;386:1537–1545. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00349-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alric L, Ollivier-Hourmand I, Hillaire S, Guillaume M. Real-world efficacy and safety of Elbasvir and Grazoprevir in HCV genotype 1 or 4 infected patients with severe chronic kidney disease stage 4/5 or hemodialyzed. Hepatology. 2017;66:582A–583A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanny B, Sahota A. Grazoprevir-elbasvir based therapy is safe and effective in patients with chronic kidney disease GFR < 30 and patients with end stage renal disease who are on renal replacement therapy in a community based setting. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S292–S293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi Z, Bacon B, Curry M, Dieterich D. Elbasvir/grazoprevir effectiveness in patients with chronic hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease: real-world experience from the TRIO network [abstract]. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S748–S749. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(17)31991-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman E, Ashkenasi E, Kovalev Y, et al. The real-world Israeli experience of treating chronic hepatitis C (CHC), genotype 1 (GT1) and genotype 4 (GT4) patients with advanced fibrosis with elbasvir/grazoprevir: a large multi-center cohort. Hepatology. 2017;66:822A–823A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro L, Talaty JE, Guo Z, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between the HCV protease inhibitor MK-5172 and ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitors. Hepatology. 2013;58:442A–443A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talaty JE, Caro L, Yeh WW, Fraser IP. Pharmacokinetic interaction between the HCV protease inhibitor MK-5172 and efavirenz in normal healthy volunteers. Hepatology. 2013;58:445A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng HP, Vaddady P, Guo Z, et al. No pharmacokinetic interaction between the hepatitis C virus inhibitors elbasvir/grazoprevir and famotidine or pantoprazole. Clin Transl Sci. 2017;10(5):360–365. doi:10.1111/cts.12465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyles DL, Sulkowski MS, Dieterich D. Management of hepatitis C/HIV coinfection in the era of highly effective hepatitis C virus direct-acting antiviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(Suppl 1):S3. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, Nelson M, Katlama C, Lalezari J. Efficacy and safety of grazoprevir (MK-5172) and elbasvir (MK-8742) in patients with hepatitis C virus and HIV co-infection (C-EDGE CO-INFECTION): a non-randomised. Open-Label Trial Lancet HIV. 2015;2:e319–327. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00114-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulkowski M, Hezode C, Gerstoft J, et al. Efficacy and safety of 8 weeks versus 12 weeks of treatment with grazoprevir (MK-5172) and elbasvir (MK-8742) with or without ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 mono-infection and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection (C-WORTHY): a randomised, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2015;385:1087–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall WL, Marenco T, Feng HP, Barbour AM. No pharmacokinetic interaction between HCV NS5A inhibitor elbasvir and buprenorphine/naloxone in healthy volunteers. Hepatology. 2015;62:573A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meemken L, Hanhoff N, Tseng A, Christensen S, Gillessen A. Drug-drug interactions with antiviral agents in people who inject drugs requiring substitution therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49:796–807. doi:10.1177/1060028015581848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore GJ, Altice F, Litwin AH, et al. Elbasvir-grazoprevir to treat hepatitis C virus infection in persons receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:625. doi:10.7326/M16-0816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh WW, Feng HP, Dunnington KM, et al. No clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interactions between HCV inhibitors grazoprevir/elbasvir with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone, but cyclosporine increases grazoprevir/elbasvir exposures in healthy subjects [abstract]. Hepatology. 2015;62:570A–571A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger U, Friebus-Kardash J, Guberina H. Feasibility of elbasvir/grazoprevir for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in renal transplant recipients with impaired allograft function. Transpl Int. 2017;30:28.
   Google Scholar
• Martin MT, Koppe S. Elbasvir/grazoprevir use in postliver transplantation patients on hemodialysis. Transplantation. 2017;101:1. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000001758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall WL, Feng HP, Caro L, et al. No clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic interaction between the hepatitis C virus inhibitors elbasvir and grazoprevir and the oral contraceptives ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73:1–8. doi:10.1007/s00228-017-2216-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai TC, Deng ST, Hsu CW. The efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir treatment in HCV genotype 1 patients in Taiwan. J Med Virol. 2020;92(2):219–226. doi:10.1002/jmv.25605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Tseng KC, Lo CC, Tseng IH, Cheng PN. Limited drug-drug interaction of elbasvir/grazoprevir for chronic hepatitis C. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciences, G. Epclusa (sofosbuvir/velpatasvir): US prescribing information. Available from: https://wwwaccessdatafdagov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/208341s009lblpdf. Accessed November 9, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Mogalian E, McNally J, Shen G, et al. Drug-drug interaction profile of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir fixed-dose combination [abstract]. J Hepatol. 2016;64:S613–S614. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(16)01136-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogalian E, Osinusi A, Shen G, Sajwani K, McNally J, Ling J. Effect of food and acid reducing agents on the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir fixed-dose combination tablet. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;99:S43–S44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogalian E, German P, Kearney BP, et al. Preclinical pharmacokinetics and first-in-human pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of velpatasvir, a pangenotypic hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61:e02084–02016. doi:10.1128/AAC.02084-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogalian E, German P, Kearney BP, et al. Use of multiple probes to assess transporter- and cytochrome P450-mediated drug–drug interaction potential of the pangenotypic HCV NS5A inhibitor velpatasvir. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;55:605–613. doi:10.1007/s40262-015-0334-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison KL, Kirby B, Stamm LM, et al. Drug-drug interaction profile of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir fixed-dose combination. J Hepatol. 2017;66:S492–S493. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(17)31381-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawitz E, Marbury T, Kirby BJ, et al. The effect of renal or hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of GS-9857, a pan-genotypic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor. Antivir Ther. 2016;64:S613.
   Google Scholar
• Mogalian E, Mathias A, Brainard D, et al. The pharmacokinetics of GS-5816, a pangenotypic HCV-specific NS5A inhibitor, in HCV-uninfected subjects with severe renal impairment. J Hepatol. 2015;62:S590–S591. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(15)30915-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo Y-A, Deeks ED. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir: a review in chronic hepatitis C. Drugs. 2018;78(5):577–587. doi:10.1007/s40265-018-0895-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry MP, O’Leary JG, Bzowej N, Muir AJ. Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for HCV in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2618–2628. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1512614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogalian E, Brainard DM, McNally J, Shen G, Cuvin J. Lack of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol and pangenotypic HCV NS5A inhibitor GS-5816 in HCV-uninfected female subjects. Hepatology. 2014;60:1173A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grebely J, Dore GJ, Zeuzem S, et al. Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection receiving opioid substitution therapy: analysis of phase 3 ASTRAL trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:1479. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rindone JP, Mellen CK. Reduction in warfarin effect associated with sofosbuvir-velpatasvir. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74:1308. doi:10.2146/ajhp170324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlman BL, Hinds AE. Review article: novel antivirals for hepatitis C—sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir, glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48:914–923. doi:10.1111/apt.14977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llaneras J, Riveiro-Barciela M, Lens S, et al. Effectiveness and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir in patients with chronic hepatitis C previously treated with DAAs. J Hepatol. 2019;71:666–672. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockstroh JK, Lacombe K, Viani RM, et al. Efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus-1: the EXPEDITION-2 study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlotsky JM, Negro F, Aghemo A, Berenguer M, Wedemeyer H. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018;69:373–395. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asselah T, Kowdley KV, Zadeikis N, et al. Efficacy of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8 or 12 weeks in patients with HCV genotype 2, 4, 5, or 6 infection without cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CW, Dutta S, Asatryan A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability following single and multiple doses of pibrentasvir in a first-in-human study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2018;7:44–52. doi:10.1002/cpdd.350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CW, Dutta S, Asatryan A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ABT-493: a first-in-human study. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106:645–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb YN. Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir: first global approval. Drugs. 2017;77:1797–1804. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0817-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Néant N, Solas C. Drug-drug interactions potential of direct acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard H, Lawitz E. Glecaprevir + pibrentasvir (ABT493 + ABT-530) for the treatment of hepatitis C. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency, E. M. Summary product of characteristics MARIVET. 2017. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/004430/WC500233677.pdf. Accessed July 06, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Zhao W, Marbury TC, et al. Effects of renal impairment and hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics and safety of the glecaprevir and pibrentasvir combination in HCV-negative subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;62. doi:10.1128/AAC.01990-17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gane E, Lawitz E, Pugatch D, et al. Glecaprevir and pibrentasvir in patients with HCV and severe renal impairment. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:1448–1455. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1704053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumada H, Watanabe T, Suzuki F, et al. Efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in HCV-infected Japanese patients with prior DAA experience, severe renal impairment, or genotype 3 infection. J Gastroenterol. 2018;53:566–575. doi:10.1007/s00535-017-1396-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AASLD-IDSA. Patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. 2018. Available from: https://www.hcvguidelines.org/unique-populations/hiv-hcv. Accessed October 6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• AbbVie Inc. Mavyret (glecaprevir/pibrentasvir): US prescribing information. 2017. Available from: https://wwwaccessdatafdagov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/209394s003lblpdf. Accessed December 11, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Lin CW, Dutta S, Asatryan A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability following single and multiple doses of pibrentasvir in a first-in-human study: clinical pharmacology in drug development. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Dutta S, Ding B, et al. Drug-drug interactions between next generation direct acting antivirals ABT-493 and ABT-530 with digoxin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;99:S65.
   Google Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Dutta S, Pugatch D, et al. ABT-493 and ABT-530 combination demonstrated minimal potential for CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions. J Hepatol. 2016;64:S405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Dutta S, Jiang Q, et al. Drug-drug interactions between direct acting antivirals ABT-493 and ABT-530 with angiotensin II receptor blockers (losartan or valsartan). Hepatology. 2016;64:420A–421A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Dutta S, Zhao WH, Wu JT. Drug-drug interactions between next generation direct acting antivirals ABT-493 and ABT-530 with cyclosporine or tacrolimus in healthy subjects [abstract]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;62:561A.
   Google Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Dutta S, Zhao W, et al. Lack of significant drug-drug interactions between direct acting antivirals glecaprevir and pibrentasvir with calcium channel blockers (felodipine or amlodipine). Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;101:S70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RS, Buti M, Rodrigues L, et al. Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 8weeks in treatment-naive patients with chronic HCV genotypes 1-6 and compensated cirrhosis: the EXPEDITION-8 trial. J Hepatol. 2019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poordad F, Pol S, Asatryan A, et al. Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in patients with HCV genotype 1 or 4 and prior direct-acting antiviral treatment failure. Hepatology. 2017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for hepatitis C. Aust Prescr. 2018;41:169–170.
   Google Scholar
• Kosloski MP, Zhao W, Asatryan A, Kort J, Geoffroy P, Liu W. No clinically relevant drug-drug interactions between methadone or buprenorphine-naloxone and antiviral combination glecaprevir and pibrentasvir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, et al. Oral direct-acting agent therapy for hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:637–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moradpour D, Brass V, Gosert R, Wölk B, Blum HE, Hepatitis C. molecular virology and antiviral targets. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2002;8.476–482. doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02395-X
   Google Scholar