Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of a Large Cohort of COVID-19 Outpatients in Michigan

References

• Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733. PMID: 31978945. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–574. PMID: 32007145. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(3):105924. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273. PMID: 32015507. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.25682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109:102433. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19—new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1339. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hindson J. COVID-19: faecal–oral transmission? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(5):259. doi:10.1038/s41575-020-0295-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Number of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US Reported to CDC, by State/Territory. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_totalandratecasestotalrate. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Michigan data: coronavirus. Department of Michigan Health and Human Services; February, 2021. Available from: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163_98173---,00.html. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720. PMID: 32109013. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popov GT, Baymakova M, Vaseva V, Kundurzhiev T, Mutafchiyski V. Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Sofia, Bulgaria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2020;20(12):910–915. PMID: 33054699. doi:10.1089/vbz.2020.2679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Place S, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 1420 European patients with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Intern Med. 2020;288(3):335–344. PMID: 32352202. doi:10.1111/joim.13089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Management of Patients with Confirmed 2019-nCoV. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; February, 2021. Available from: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#hospitalizations. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng A, Caruso D, McDougall C. Outpatient management of COVID-19: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(8):478–486. PMID: 33064422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough PA, Kelly RJ, Ruocco G, et al. Pathophysiological basis and rationale for early outpatient treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Am J Med. 2021;134(1):16–22. PMID: 32771461. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laboratory testing strategy recommendations for COVID-19. World Health Organization; Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331509/WHO-COVID-19-lab_testing-2020.1-eng.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Frequently asked questions about coronavirus disease 2019. Department of Michigan Health and Human Services. Available from: https://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdhhs/2019-nCoV_Web_FAQ_Final_02.07.20_680693_7.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (‎‎‎‎nCoV)‎‎‎‎ infection is suspected. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330854. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Michigan data. Department of Michigan Health and Human Services. Available from: https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163_98173---,00.html. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan W, Liang W, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547. doi:10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Gennaro F, Marotta C, Storto M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission and outcome in neuro-rehabilitation patients hospitalized at neuroscience hospital in Italy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2020;12(1):e2020063. doi:10.4084/MJHID.2020.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Castelnuovo A, Bonaccio M, Costanzo S, et al.; Covid-19 risk and treatments (CORIST) collaboration (2020). Common cardiovascular risk factors and in-hospital mortality in 3894 patients with COVID-19: survival analysis and machine learning-based findings from the multicentre Italian CORIST Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;30(11):1899–1913. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imam Z, Odish F, Gill I, et al. Halalau, older age and comorbidity are independent mortality predictors in a large cohort of 1305 COVID‐19 patients in Michigan, United States. J Intern Med. 2020;288(4):469–476. doi:10.1111/joim.13119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obesity in Michigan 2018 update prepared by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) cardiovascular health, nutrition and physical activity section key facts obesity among michigan adults (2007–2016) data source: Michigan Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (MiBRFSS) 2007–2016. Available from: http://www.michigan.gov/preventobesity. Accessed April 15, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• For immediate release chronic kidney disease now affects one million Michigan adults. Available from: https://www.nkfm.org/sites/default/files/documents/pages/r_-_kidney_month_2020_-_web.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):473–475. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA advises patients on use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for COVID-19. FDA. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-advises-patients-use-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-covid-19. Accessed March 31, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• American College of Cardiology. HFSA/ACC/AHA Statement Addresses Concerns Re: Using RAAS Antagonists in COVID-19. ACC News Story; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Antinori A; COVID-19 RISk and Treatments (CORIST) Collaboration. RAAS inhibitors are not associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: findings from an observational multicenter study in Italy and a meta-analysis of 19 studies. Vascul Pharmacol. 2020;135:106805. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2020.106805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Association of inpatient use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with mortality among patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19. Circ Res. 2020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.5394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology T. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145–151. Chinese. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar