Prevalence of Low Level of Vitamin D Among COVID-19 Patients and Associated Risk Factors in India – A Hospital-Based Study

References

• Coronavirus (COVID-19) events as they happen. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed January 17, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed May 18, 2021. Accessed January 17, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Panfili FM, Roversi M, D’Argenio P, Rossi P, Cappa M, Fintini D. Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(1):27–35. doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aygun H. Vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 infection-induced multiple organ damage. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2020;393(7):1157–1160. doi:10.1007/s00210-020-01911-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan M, Cherian JJ, Sharma A. Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19. PLOS Pathog. 2020;16(9):e1008874. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran M, Chan Maung A, Mithal A, Parameswaran R. Vitamin D in COVID - 19: dousing the fire or averting the storm? – a perspective from the Asia-Pacific. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. 2020;6(3):97–105. doi:10.1016/j.afos.2020.07.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weir EK, Thenappan T, Bhargava M, Chen Y. Does vitamin D deficiency increase the severity of COVID-19? Clin Med (Northfield Il). 2020;20(4):e107–e108. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh D, Dancer RCA, Scott A, et al. Vitamin D to prevent lung injury following esophagectomy – a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(12):e1128–e1135. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siuka D, Pfeifer M, Pinter B. Vitamin D supplementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(8):1804–1805. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266–281. doi:10.1056/NEJMra070553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DRHK, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2):477–482. doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.2.477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Strand MA, Pettifor JM. Nutritional rickets around the world: causes and future directions. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2006;26(1):1–16. doi:10.1179/146532806X90556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemens Healthcare GmbH.ADVIA Centaur XP Immunoassay System. Available from: https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/immunoassay/systems/advia-centaur-xp.
   Google Scholar
• SPSS Statistics - Overview | IBM; 2020. Available from: https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics. Accessed January 23, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(2):73–78. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Clinical management protocol: COVID-19; 2020:13. Available from: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ClinicalManagementProtocolforCOVID19.pdf. Accessed May 18, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Sydney: Health Communications Australia; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Martineau AR, Forouhi NG. Vitamin D for COVID-19: a case to answer? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):735–736. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30268-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvin E, Juraschek SP. Diabetes epidemiology in the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(8):1690–1694. doi:10.2337/dc20-1295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang M, Wang D, Tang O, Selvin E. Prevalence of chronic disease in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and U.S. Adults (2017–2018). Diabetes Care. 2020;43(10):e127–e128. doi:10.2337/dc20-1640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimberly E, Ng JPR. The effect of COVID-19 on patients with diabetes. US Pharm. 2020;45(11):9–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MC, Bakris G, Blonde L, et al. A lesson from 2020: public health matters for both COVID-19 and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):8–10. doi:10.2337/dci20-0071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein SL, Pekosz A, Park H-S, et al. Sex, age, and hospitalization drive antibody responses in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor population. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(11):6141–6150. doi:10.1172/JCI142004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(7):1195–1198. doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagishetty V, Liu NQ, Hewison M. Vitamin D metabolism and innate immunity. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;347(1–2):97–105. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop E, Ismailova A, Dimeloe SK, Hewison M, White JH. Vitamin D and immune regulation: antibacterial, antiviral, anti‐inflammatory. JBMR Plus. 2020;jbm4.10405. doi:10.1002/jbm4.10405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teymoori-Rad M, Shokri F, Salimi V, Marashi SM. The interplay between vitamin D and viral infections. Rev Med Virol. 2019;29(2):e2032. doi:10.1002/rmv.2032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohaegbulam KC, Swalih M, Patel P, Smith MA, Perrin R. Vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients: a clinical case series. Am J Ther. 2020;27(5):e485–e490. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, et al. Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study. FEBS J. 2020;287(17):3693–3702. doi:10.1111/febs.15495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karahan S, Katkat F. Impact of serum 25(OH) Vitamin D level on mortality in patients with COVID-19 in Turkey. J Nutr Health Aging. 2020. doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1479-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4240–4270. doi:10.3390/nu7064240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker S, Seamons A, Maggio-Price L, Paik J. Protective links between vitamin D, inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(3):933–948. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): the ubiquitous system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;94:317–325. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Xu L, Dai Y, et al. Cardiovascular manifestations in severe and critical patients with COVID-19. Clin Cardiol. 2020;43(7):796–802. doi:10.1002/clc.23384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf G. Renal injury due to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation of the transforming growth factor-beta pathway. Kidney Int. 2006;70(11):1914–1919. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288(1):E125–32. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00224.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz R, Mazzei L, Santino N, Ingrasia M, Manucha W. Vitamin D-mitochondria cross-talk could modulate the signaling pathway involved in hypertension development: a translational integrative overview. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 32(4):144–155. doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2020.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legarth C, Grimm D, Wehland M, Bauer J, Krüger KM. The impact of Vitamin D in the treatment of essential hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):2. doi:10.3390/ijms19020455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaschitz A, Pilz S, Ritz E, et al. Independent association between 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the renin-angiotensin system: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411(17–18):1354–1360. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rammos G, Tseke P, Ziakka S. Vitamin D, the renin-angiotensin system, and insulin resistance. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40(2):419–426. doi:10.1007/s11255-007-9244-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Borst MH, Vervloet MG, Ter Wee PM, Navis G. Cross talk between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and vitamin D-FGF-23-klotho in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(9):1603–1609. doi:10.1681/ASN.2010121251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YC, Qiao G, Uskokovic M, Xiang W, Zheng W, Kong J. Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89-90(1–5):387–392. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendy A, Apewokin S, Wells AA, Morrow AL. Factors associated with hospitalization and disease severity in a racially and ethnically diverse population of COVID-19 patients. medRxiv Prepr Serv Heal Sci. 2020. doi:10.1101/2020.06.25.20137323
   Google Scholar
• Ricci A, Pagliuca A, D’Ascanio M, et al. Circulating Vitamin D levels status and clinical prognostic indices in COVID-19 patients. Respir Res. 2021;22(1):76. doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01666-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpagnano GE, Di Lecce V, Quaranta VN, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;44(4):765–771. doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01370-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinzon RT, Pradana AW. Vitamin D deficiency among patients with COVID-19: case series and recent literature review. Trop Med Health. 2020;48(1):102. doi:10.1186/s41182-020-00277-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epidemiology Working Group for NCIP Epidemic Response CC for DC and P. [The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2020;41(2):145–151. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003. [ Chinese]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munshi R, Hussein MH, Toraih EA, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93(2):733–740. doi:10.1002/jmv.26360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–481. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Crit Care Med. 2020;48(6):e440–e469. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang -J-J, Dong X, Cao -Y-Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730–1741. doi:10.1111/all.14238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS Coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7). doi:10.1128/JVI.00127-20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XC, Zhang J, Zhuo JL. The vasoprotective axes of the renin-angiotensin system: physiological relevance and therapeutic implications in cardiovascular, hypertensive and kidney diseases. Pharmacol Res. 2017;125(Pt A):21–38. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martineau AR, Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2019;23(2):1–44. doi:10.3310/hta23020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(10):1373–1380. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar