Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 Mortality Among Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Retrospective Study

References

• Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565–574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (‎‎COVID-19)‎‎: weekly epidemiological update; 2020. Cited May 31, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Al-Malkey MK, et al. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the dominant route of transmission: droplets and aerosols. Infez Med. 2021;29:10–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard; 2020. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/table. Accessed August 16, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. COVID 19 Dashboard: saudi Arabia; 2020. Available from: https://covid19.moh.gov.sa/. Accessed May 31, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Al Mutair A, Alhumaid S, Alhuqbani WN, et al. Clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: an observational cohort study. Eur J Med Res. 2020;25(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s40001-020-00462-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Al Alawi Z, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of intensive and non-intensive 1014 COVID-19 patients: an experience cohort from Alahsa, Saudi Arabia. Eur J Med Res. 2021;26(47). doi:10.1186/s40001-021-00517-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Xu H, Yang M, et al. Epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of 32 critical and 67 noncritical cases of COVID-19 in Chengdu. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104366. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Omari A, Al Mutair A, Al Ammary M, Aljamaan F. A Multicenter Case-Historical Control Study on Short-Term Outcomes of Tele-Intensive Care Unit. Telemed e-Health. 2020;26(5):645–650. doi:10.1089/tmj.2019.0042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudi Ministry of Health. ICU Triage, Admission, and Discharge Criteria during the COVID 19 pandemic V2 2020; 2021. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.sa/Ministry/MediaCenter/Publications/Documents/ICU-Criteria-during.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Chan YH. Biostatistics 104: correlational analysis. Singapore Med J. 2003;44(12):614–619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang X. Firth logistic regression for rare variant association tests. Front Genet. 2014;5:187. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth D. Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimates. Biometrika. 1993;80(1):27–38. doi:10.1093/biomet/80.1.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze G, Schemper M. A solution to the problem of separation in logistic regression. Stat Med. 2002;21(16):2409–2419. doi:10.1002/sim.1047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612–1614. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News. A third of Covid-19 intensive care patients do not recover, study shows; 2020. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-52653192. Accessed July 9, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Quah P, Li A, Phua J. Mortality rates of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a systematic review of the emerging literature. Critical Care. 2020;24:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8.5:475–481. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Muhammad J, et al. Role of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients: a review on molecular mechanisms, immune functions, immunopathology and immunomodulatory drugs to counter cytokine storm. Vaccines. 2021;9(5):436. doi:10.3390/vaccines9050436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain V, Yuan JM. Predictive symptoms and comorbidities for severe COVID-19 and intensive care unit admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health. 2020;65:533–546. doi:10.1007/s00038-020-01390-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934–943. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsofayan YM, Althunayyan SM, Khan AA, Hakawi AM, Assiri AM. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: a national retrospective study. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(7):920–925. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempker JA, Martin GS. A global accounting of sepsis. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):168–170. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33065-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Garout MA, et al. Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: a Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens. 2021;10(5):565. doi:10.3390/pathogens10050565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, et al. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region—case series. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):2012–2022. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2004500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Wang Q, Zhang H, et al. Viral sepsis is a complication in patients with Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). Med Drug Discovery. 2020;8:100057. doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100057
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alhumaid S, Al Mutair A, Al Alawi Z, et al. Coinfections with Bacteria, Fungi, and Respiratory Viruses in Patients with SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens. 2021;10(7):809.
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Jung SM, Linton NM, et al. Communicating the risk of death from novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Clin Med. 2020;9(2):580. doi:10.3390/jcm9020580.
   Google Scholar
• Bossù P, Toppi E, Sterbini V, Spalletta G. Implication of aging related chronic neuroinflammation on COVID-19 pandemic. J Personalized Med. 2020;10(3):102. doi:10.3390/jpm10030102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu EL, Janse RJ, de Jong Y, et al. Acute kidney injury and kidney replacement therapy in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(4):550–563. doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052–2059. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, et al. C-reactive protein level may predict the risk of COVID-19 aggravation. In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases. US: Oxford University Press; 2020:ofaa153.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829–838. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagunas‐Rangel FA. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1733–1734. doi:10.1002/jmv.25819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorr AF, Thomas SJ, Alkins SA, Fitzpatrick TM, Ling GS. D-dimer correlates with proinflammatory cytokine levels and outcomes in critically ill patients. Chest. 2002;121(4):1262–1268. doi:10.1378/chest.121.4.1262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan X, Li F, Wang X, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cross‐sectional study. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2573–2581. doi:10.1002/jmv.26061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao P, Wu Y, Wu S, et al. Elevated serum ferritin level effectively discriminates severity illness and liver injury of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia. Biomarkers. 2020;26(3):207–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C, Huang Y, Shi F, et al. C‐reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID‐19 early. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):856–862. doi:10.1002/jmv.25871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay J, Tiwari N, Ansari MN. Role of inflammatory markers in corona virus disease (COVID-19) patients: a review. Exp Biol Med. 2020;245(15):1368–1375. doi:10.1177/1535370220939477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Samkari H, Karp Leaf RS, Dzik WH, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood, J Am Society Hematol. 2020;136(4):489–500.
   Google Scholar