121
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Application of a Novel Prediction Model for Predicting 2-Year Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Non-Obese Population with Normal Blood Lipid Levels: A Large Prospective Cohort Study from China

, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 2909-2922 | Published online: 28 Jun 2021

References

  • Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, Sanyal AJ. Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med. 2018;24(7):908–922. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9
  • Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J; International Consensus Panel. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1999–2014.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312
  • Younossi ZM, Rinella ME, Sanyal AJ, et al. From NAFLD to MAFLD: implications of a premature change in terminology. Hepatology. 2021;73(3):1194–1198. doi:10.1002/hep.31420
  • Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(1):11–20. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.109
  • Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—meta‐analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73–84. doi:10.1002/hep.28431
  • Zhou F, Zhou J, Wang W, et al. Unexpected rapid increase in the burden of NAFLD in China from 2008 to 2018: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Hepatology. 2019;70(4):1119–1133. doi:10.1002/hep.30702
  • Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Modeling nafld disease burden in china, france, germany, italy, japan, spain, united kingdom, and united states for the period 2016–2030. J Hepatol. 2018;69(4):896–904. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.036
  • Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1):S47–S64. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012
  • Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(6):330. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.41
  • Younossi ZM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease–a global public health perspective. J Hepatol. 2019;70(3):531–544. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.033
  • Fan J-G, Kim S-U, Wong VW-S. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. J Hepatol. 2017;67(4):862–873. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.003
  • Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: an update. Metabolism. 2016;65(8):1109–1123.
  • Liu CJ. Prevalence and risk factors for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian people who are not obese. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(10):1555–1560. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07222.x
  • Moore MP, Cunningham RP, Dashek RJ, Mucinski JM, Rector RS. A fad too far? Dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Obesity. 2020;28(10):1843–1852. doi:10.1002/oby.22964
  • Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol. 2017;67(4):829–846. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016
  • Tu Q, Hu C, Zhang H, et al. Establishment and validation of novel clinical prognosis nomograms for luminal a breast cancer patients with bone metastasis. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020. doi:10.1155/2020/1972064
  • Sun D-Q, Wu S-J, Liu W-Y, et al. Association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol within the normal range and NAFLD in the non-obese Chinese population: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12):e013781. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013781
  • De Zeng M, Fan JG, Lu LG, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Dig Dis. 2008;9(2):108–112. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2008.00331.x
  • Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) the TRIPOD statement. Circulation. 2015;131(2):211–219. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014508
  • Cai X, Ji L, Liu S, et al. Derivation and validation of a prediction model for predicting the 5-year incidence of type 2 diabetes in non-obese adults: a Population-Based Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:2087–2101. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S304994
  • Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, Younossi Z, Sanyal AJ. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):123–133. doi:10.1002/hep.29466
  • Kim D, Kim WR. Nonobese fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(4):474–485. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.028
  • Cai X, Aierken X, Ahmat A, et al. A nomogram model based on noninvasive bioindicators to predict 3-year risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver in nonobese mainland chinese: a Prospective Cohort Study. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:1–12. doi:10.1155/2020/8852198
  • Srivastava A, Gailer R, Tanwar S, et al. Prospective evaluation of a primary care referral pathway for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019;71(2):371–378. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.033
  • Hu C, Yang J, Huang Z, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic nomograms for bone metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2020;20(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12885-020-06995-y
  • Cen C, Wang W, Yu S, et al. Development and validation of a clinical and laboratory-based nomogram to predict nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(5):808–816. doi:10.1007/s12072-020-10065-7
  • Xue M, Yang X, Zou Y, et al. A non-invasive prediction model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults with type 2 diabetes based on the population of Northern Urumqi, China. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:443. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S271882
  • Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Metabolism. 2019;92:82–97. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.014
  • Milić S, Lulić D, Štimac D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: biochemical, metabolic and clinical presentations. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(28):9330.
  • Fukuda Y, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, et al. Triglycerides to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is an independent predictor of incident fatty liver; a population‐based cohort study. Liver Int. 2016;36(5):713–720. doi:10.1111/liv.12977
  • Pacifico L, Bonci E, Andreoli G, et al. Association of serum triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio with carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(7):737–743. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.010
  • Chen Z, Qin H, Qiu S, Chen G, Chen Y. Correlation of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among the non-obese Chinese population with normal blood lipid levels: a retrospective cohort research. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/s12944-019-1104-6
  • Li Y, Zheng R, Li J, Feng S, Wang L, Huang Z. Association between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the non-obese Chinese population with normal blood lipid levels: a secondary analysis based on a prospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12944-019-1182-5
  • Lucero D, Miksztowicz V, Macri V, et al. Overproduction of altered VLDL in an insulin-resistance rat model: influence of SREBP-1c and PPAR-α. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2015;27(4):167–174. doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2014.11.002
  • Sparks JD, Sparks CE, Adeli K. Selective hepatic insulin resistance, VLDL overproduction, and hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(9):2104–2112. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241463
  • Alves‐Bezerra M, Cohen DE. Triglyceride metabolism in the liver. Compr Physiol. 2011;8(1):1–22.
  • Kawano Y, Cohen DE. Mechanisms of hepatic triglyceride accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(4):434–441. doi:10.1007/s00535-013-0758-5
  • Smith GI, Polidori DC, Yoshino M, et al. Influence of adiposity, insulin resistance, and intrahepatic triglyceride content on insulin kinetics. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(6):3305–3314. doi:10.1172/JCI136756
  • Hossain IA, Shah MMR, Rahman MK, Ali L. Gamma glutamyl transferase is an independent determinant for the association of insulin resistance with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Bangladeshi adults: association of GGT and HOMA-IR with NAFLD. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(1):S25–S29. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2015.09.005
  • Zou Y, Zhong L, Hu C, Sheng G. Association between the alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio and new-onset non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a nonobese Chinese population: a population-based longitudinal study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01419-z
  • Fan N, Peng L, Xia Z, et al. Triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a surrogate for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/s12944-019-0986-7
  • Kim JW, Lee KJ, Yang HR, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of elevated alanine aminotransferase among Korean adolescents: 2001–2014. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1–8. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5548-9
  • Shen X, Fang Cai J, Sheng Gao J, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of diabetes: a prospective study in China. Endocr Pract. 2018;24(9):823–832. doi:10.4158/EP-2018-0098
  • Zheng R, Du Z, Wang M, Mao Y, Mao W. A longitudinal epidemiological study on the triglyceride and glucose index and the incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0913-3
  • Sinn DH, Gwak G-Y, Park HN, et al. Ultrasonographically detected non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an independent predictor for identifying patients with insulin resistance in non-obese, non-diabetic middle-aged Asian adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(4):561–567. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.400
  • Liu Y, Xu W, Zhai T, You J, Chen Y. Silibinin ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway. Acta Phar Sin B. 2019;9(4):745–757. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.006
  • Wang R, Lu Q, Feng J, et al. Coexistence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with elevated alanine aminotransferase is associated with insulin resistance in young Han males. Endocrine. 2012;41(1):70–75. doi:10.1007/s12020-011-9511-0
  • Franzini M, Fornaciari I, Fierabracci V, et al. Accuracy of b‐GGT fraction for the diagnosis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2012;32(4):629–634. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02673.x
  • Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):18–35. doi:10.1038/ajg.2016.517
  • Saoi M, Sasaki K, Sagawa H, et al. High throughput screening of serum γ-glutamyl dipeptides for risk assessment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with impaired glutathione salvage pathway. J Proteome Res. 2019;19(7):2689–2699. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00405
  • Kang YH, Min HK, Son SM, Kim IJ, Kim YK. The association of serum gamma glutamyltransferase with components of the metabolic syndrome in the Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(2):306–313. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.11.009
  • Bullón-Vela V, Abete I, Tur JA, et al. Relationship of visceral adipose tissue with surrogate insulin resistance and liver markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome chronic complications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2020;11:2042018820958298. doi:10.1177/2042018820958298
  • Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular disease. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(24):481. doi:10.21037/atm.2016.12.27
  • Pitisuttithum P, Chan W-K, Goh G-B-B, et al. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and cardiovascular risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the gut and obesity Asia initiative. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(19):2416. doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i19.2416
  • Lallukka S, Yki-Järvinen H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of type 2 diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;30(3):385–395. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2016.06.006
  • Fraser A, Harris R, Sattar N, Ebrahim S, Smith GD, Lawlor DA. Alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and incident diabetes: the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(4):741–750. doi:10.2337/dc08-1870
  • Castera L, Friedrich-Rust M, Loomba R. Noninvasive assessment of liver disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2019;156(5):1264–1281. e4. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.036