Giant Cell Tumors of Bone in Patients Aged 18 Years Old or Younger: Imaging Features and Tumor Characteristics

References

• Strom TM, Skeie AT, Lobmaier IK, Zaikova O. Giant cell tumor: a rare condition in the immature skeleton-a retrospective study of symptoms, treatment, and outcome in 16 children. Sarcoma. 2016;2016:3079835.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu W, Li X, Huang W, et al. Factors affecting prognosis of patients with giant cell tumors of the mobile spine: retrospective analysis of 102 patients in a single center. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(3):804–810. doi:10.1245/s10434-012-2707-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanatullah DF, Clark TR, Lopez MJ, et al. Giant cell tumor of bone. Orthopedics. 2014;37(2):112–120. doi:10.3928/01477447-20140124-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JH, Ro JY. The 2020 WHO classification of tumors of bone: an updated review. Adv Anat Pathol. 2021;28(3):119–138. doi:10.1097/PAP.0000000000000293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picci P, Manfrini M, Zucchi V, et al. Giant-cell tumor of bone in skeletally immature patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:486–490. doi:10.2106/00004623-198365040-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte HE, Taconis WK. Giant cell tumor in children and adolescents. Skeletal Radiol. 1993;22::173–176. doi:10.1007/BF00206148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin F, Hu Y, Zhao L, et al. The epidemiological and clinical features of primary giant cell tumor around the knee: a report from the multicenter retrospective study in China. J Bone Oncol. 2016;5:38–42. doi:10.1016/j.jbo.2016.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unni KK, Inwards CY. Dahlin’s Bone Tumors: General Aspects and Data on 11087 Cases. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Williams; 2010:179–183, 310–316.
   Google Scholar
• Campanacci M, Baldini N, Boriani S, et al. Giant-cell tumor of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:106–114. doi:10.2106/00004623-198769010-00018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlin DC. Caldwell lecture. Giant cell tumor of bone: highlights of 407 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;144:955–960. doi:10.2214/ajr.144.5.955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ibraheemi A, Inwards CY, Zreik RT, et al. Histologic spectrum of Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) of bone in patients 18 years of age and below: a Study of 63 Patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 2016;40(12):1702–1712. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri A, Agarwal MG, Shah M, Jambhekar NA, Anchan C, Behle S. Giant cell tumor of bone in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007;27(6):635–639. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181425629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kransdorf MJ, Sweet DE, Buetow PC, et al. Giant cell tumor in skeletally immature patients. Radiology. 1992;184(1):233–237. doi:10.1148/radiology.184.1.1609086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia Q, Chen G, Cao J, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of pediatric spine giant cell tumors: report of 31 clinical cases in a single center. Spine J. 2019;19(7):1232–1241. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2019.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Wang J, Zhang J, Yuan F, Ding X. A prospective study on predicting local recurrence of giant cell tumour of bone by evaluating preoperative imaging features of the tumour around the knee joint. Radiol Med. 2017;122(7):546–555. doi:10.1007/s11547-017-0745-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphey MD, Nomikos GC, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH, Temple HT, Kransdorf MJ. From the archives of AFIP. Imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2001;21(5):1283–1309. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.5.g01se251283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakarun CJ, Forrester DM, Gottsegen CJ, et al. Giant cell tumor of bone: review, mimics, and new developments in treatment. Radiographics. 2013;33(1):197–211. doi:10.1148/rg.331125089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krober SM, Greschniok A, Bohm P, Kaiserling E. Giant cell tumor of bone. Morphological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and DNA flow cytometric findings. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1998;82:279–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broehm CJ, Inwards CY, Al-Ibraheemi A, et al. Giant cell tumor of bone in patients 55 years and older: a Study of 34 Patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 2018;149(3):222–233. doi:10.1093/ajcp/aqx155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RR, Campbell CJ, Bonfiglio M. Giant-cell tumor of bone: an analysis of two hundred and eighteen cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:619–664. doi:10.2106/00004623-197052040-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoch B, Inwards C, Sundaram M, et al. Multicentric giant cell tumor of bone. Clinicopathologic analysis of thirty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:1998–2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Tang Y, Li M, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognoses of six patients with multicentric giant cell tumor of the bone. Oncotarget. 2016;7(50):83795–83805. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13057
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhillon MS, Prasad P. Multicentric giant cell tumour of bone. Acta Orthop Belg. 2007;73(3):289–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federman N, Brien EW, Narasimhan V, Dry SM, Sodhi M, Chawla SP. Giant cell tumor of bone in childhood: clinical aspects and novel therapeutic targets. Paediatr Drugs. 2014;16(1):804–808. doi:10.1007/s40272-013-0051-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard EL, Gregory J, Winn N, Flanagan A, Cool P. Radiological features of giant cell tumours of bone. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berg H, Kroon HM, Slaar A, Hogendoorn P. Incidence of biopsy-proven bone tumors in children: a report based on the Dutch pathology registration “PALGA”. J Pediatr Orthop. 2008;28(1):29–35. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181558cb5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar