References
- Pellikka PA, Arruda-Olson A, Chaudhry FA, et al. Guidelines for performance, interpretation, and application of stress echocardiography in ischemic heart disease: from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2020;33(1):1–41.e48.
- Alcidi GM, Esposito R, Evola V, et al. Normal reference values of multilayer longitudinal strain according to age decades in a healthy population: a single-centre experience. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(12):1390–1396.
- Galli E, Lancellotti P, Sengupta PP, Donal E. LV mechanics in mitral and aortic valve diseases: value of functional assessment beyond ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(11):1151–1166. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.015
- Morris DA, Otani K, Bekfani T, et al. Multidirectional global left ventricular systolic function in normal subjects and patients with hypertension: multicenter evaluation. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2014;27(5):493–500. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2014.01.017
- Hanekom L, Cho GY, Leano R, Jeffriess L, Marwick TH. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue Doppler strain measurement during dobutamine stress echocardiography: an angiographic correlation. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(14):1765–1772. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm188
- Tops LF, Delgado V, Marsan NA, Bax JJ. Myocardial strain to detect subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(3):307–313. doi:10.1002/ejhf.694
- De Luca A, Stolfo D, Caiffa T, et al. Prognostic value of global longitudinal strain-based left ventricular contractile reserve in candidates for percutaneous correction of functional mitral regurgitation: implications for patient selection. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2019;32(11):1436–1443. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2019.07.006
- Magne J, Mahjoub H, Dulgheru R, Pibarot P, Pierard LA, Lancellotti P. Left ventricular contractile reserve in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(24):1608–1616. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht345
- Brecker SJ. The importance of long axis ventricular function. Heart. 2000;84(6):577–579. doi:10.1136/heart.84.6.577
- Plana JC, Galderisi M, Barac A, et al. Expert consensus for multimodality imaging evaluation of adult patients during and after cancer therapy: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15(10):1063–1093. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeu192
- Shimoni S, Gendelman G, Ayzenberg O, et al. Differential effects of coronary artery stenosis on myocardial function: the value of myocardial strain analysis for the detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2011;24(7):748–757. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2011.03.007
- Daros CB, Ciampi Q, Cortigiani L, et al. Coronary Flow, Left Ventricular Contractile and Heart Rate Reserve in Non-Ischemic Heart Failure. J Clin Med. 2021;10:15. doi:10.3390/jcm10153405
- Pugliese NR, Deb N, Balletti A, et al. Characterisation of haemodynamic and metabolic abnormalities in the heart failure spectrum: the role of combined cardiopulmonary and exercise echocardiography stress test. Minerva Cardiol Angiol. 2021. doi:10.23736/S2724-5683.21.05743-4
- Mahfouz RA, El Zayat A, Yousry A. Left ventricular restrictive filling pattern and the presence of contractile reserve in patients with low-flow/low-gradient severe aortic stenosis. Echocardiography. 2015;32(1):65–70. doi:10.1111/echo.12586
- Cadeddu C, Nocco S, Piano D, et al. Early impairment of contractility reserve in patients with insulin resistance in comparison with healthy subjects. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:66. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-66
- Lancellotti P, Pellikka PA, Budts W, et al. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(11):1191–1229. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jew190
- Wu XP, Li YD, Zhang M, et al. Impaired left ventricular mechanics and functional reserve are associated with reduced exercise capacity in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiography. 2019;36(2):266–275. doi:10.1111/echo.14241
- Larsen AH, Clemmensen TS, Wiggers H, Poulsen SH. Left Ventricular Myocardial Contractile Reserve during Exercise Stress in Healthy Adults: a Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic Study. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2018;31(10):1116–1126.e1111. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2018.06.010
- Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: an Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(12):1321–1360. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jew082
- Marwick TH, Leano RL, Brown J, et al. Myocardial strain measurement with 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: definition of normal range. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(1):80–84. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2007.12.007
- Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Plewka M, Kasprzak JD. Variability of longitudinal strain in left ventricular segments supplied by non-stenosed coronary artery: insights from speckle tracking analysis of dobutamine stress echocardiograms in patients with high coronary risk profile. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(1):82–92. doi:10.5114/aoms.2016.60603
- Lancellotti P, Cosyns B, Zacharakis D, et al. Importance of left ventricular longitudinal function and functional reserve in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation: assessment by two-dimensional speckle tracking. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2008;21(12):1331–1336. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2008.09.023
- Cognet T, Vervueren PL, Dercle L, et al. New concept of myocardial longitudinal strain reserve assessed by a dipyridamole infusion using 2D-strain echocardiography: the impact of diabetes and age, and the prognostic value. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:84. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-84
- Yao GH, Deng Y, Liu Y, et al. Echocardiographic measurements in normal Chinese adults focusing on cardiac chambers and great arteries: a prospective, nationwide, and multicenter study. J Am Soc Echocardiography. 2015;28(5):570–579. doi:10.1016/j.echo.2015.01.022