Stroke and Myocardial Infarction: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study

References

• Feigin VL, Nguyen G, Cercy K, et al. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(25):2429–2437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed GW, Rossi JE, Cannon CP. Acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2017;389(10065):197–210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30677-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt BJ, Ballman KV, Brown RD, Meverden RA, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL. The incidence of stroke after myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006;119(4):354, e351–e359. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhamoon MS, Sciacca RR, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Elkind MS. Recurrent stroke and cardiac risks after first ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology. 2006;66(5):641–646. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000201253.93811.f6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Venkat P, Seyfried D, Chopp M, Yan T, Chen J. Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke. Circ Res. 2017;121(4):451–468. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheitz JF, Nolte CH, Doehner W, Hachinski V, Endres M. Stroke-heart syndrome: clinical presentation and underlying mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(12):1109–1120. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30336-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira JP, Girerd N, Gregson J, et al. Stroke risk in patients with reduced ejection fraction after myocardial infarction without atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(7):727–735. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulvenstam A, Kajermo U, Modica A, Jernberg T, Söderström L, Mooe T. Incidence, trends, and predictors of ischemic stroke 1 year after an acute myocardial infarction. Stroke. 2014;45(11):3263–3268. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung W, Sia CH, Pollard T, et al. Predicting mortality, thrombus recurrence and persistence in patients with post-acute myocardial infarction left ventricular thrombus. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2021;52(2):654–661. doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02368-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbroucke JP. When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials? Lancet. 2004;363(9422):1728–1731. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16261-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta V, Walia GK, Sachdeva MP. ‘Mendelian randomization’: an approach for exploring causal relations in epidemiology. Public Health. 2017;145:113–119. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.12.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GD, Ebrahim S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JA, Timpson N, Davey smith G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat Med. 2008;27(8):1133–1163. doi:10.1002/sim.3034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:k601. doi:10.1136/bmj.k601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian Randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925–1926. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.17219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GD, Davies NM, Dimou N, Egger M, Yarmolinsky J STROBE-MR: guidelines for strengthening the reporting of Mendelian randomization studies. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2018;49(3):e46–e110. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 2016;134(10):e123–e155. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Chauhan G, Traylor M, et al. Multiancestry genome-wide association study of 520,000 subjects identifies 32 loci associated with stroke and stroke subtypes. Nat Genet. 2018;50(4):524–537. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0058-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikpay M, Goel A, Won HH, et al. A comprehensive 1000 genomes-based genome-wide association meta-analysis of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2015;47(10):1121–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machiela MJ, Chanock SJ. LDlink: a web-based application for exploring population-specific haplotype structure and linking correlated alleles of possible functional variants. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(21):3555–3557. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btv402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staley JR, Blackshaw J, Kamat MA, et al. PhenoScanner: a database of human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2016;32(20):3207–3209. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btw373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat MA, Blackshaw JA, Young R, et al. PhenoScanner V2: an expanded tool for searching human genotype-phenotype associations. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(22):4851–4853. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btz469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess S, Thompson SG. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755–764. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife. 2018:7:e34408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden J, Davey smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–525. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304–314. doi:10.1002/gepi.21965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzé E, Varenne O, Chatellier G, Peyrard S, Rothwell PM, Mas JL. Risk of myocardial infarction and vascular death after transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2005;36(12):2748–2755. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190118.02275.33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang K, Park TH, Kim N, et al. Recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and major vascular events during the first year after acute ischemic stroke: the multicenter prospective observational study about recurrence and its determinants after acute ischemic stroke I. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(3):656–664. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KJ, Kim SE, Kim JY, et al. Five-year risk of acute myocardial infarction after acute ischemic stroke in Korea. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(1):e018807. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.018807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frostegård J. Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Med. 2013;11:117. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battaglini D, Robba C, Lopes da Silva A, et al. Brain-heart interaction after acute ischemic stroke. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):163. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02885-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma JA, Benarroch EE. Neural control of the heart: recent concepts and clinical correlations. Neurology. 2014;83(3):261–271. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelliccia F, Kaski JC, Crea F, Camici PG. Pathophysiology of Takotsubo syndrome. Circulation. 2017;135(24):2426–2441. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.027121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anrather J, Iadecola C. Inflammation and stroke: an overview. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(4):661–670. doi:10.1007/s13311-016-0483-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani F, Aljohani S, Tarabishy A, Busu T, Adcock A, Alkhouli M. Incidence and outcomes of myocardial infarction in patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2017;48(11):2931–2938. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brammås A, Jakobsson S, Ulvenstam A, Mooe T. Mortality after ischemic stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction: predictors and trends over time in Sweden. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3050–3055. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American heart association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):e38–360. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar