Identification and Validation of Autophagy-Related Genes as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Atrial Fibrillation

References

• Joseph PG, Healey JS, Raina P, et al. Global variations in the prevalence, treatment, and impact of atrial fibrillation in a multi-national cohort of 153 152 middle-aged individuals. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(6):1523–1531. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvaa241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu RB, Li K, Wang G, Gao GM, Du JX. MiR-23 enhances cardiac fibroblast proliferation and suppresses fibroblast apoptosis via targeting TGF-β1 in atrial fibrillation. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(10):4419–4424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu YF, Chen YJ, Lin YJ, Chen SA. Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12(4):230–243. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2015.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Zhao J, Yan S, et al. Autophagy: a potential novel mechanistic contributor to atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172(2):492–494. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu F, Fang F, Yuan H, et al. Suppression of autophagy by FIP200 deletion leads to osteopenia in mice through the inhibition of osteoblast terminal differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(11):2414–2430. doi:10.1002/jbmr.1971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Levine B, Green DR, Kroemer G. Pharmacological modulation of autophagy: therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(7):487–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo-San Pedro JM, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Autophagy and Mitophagy in Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2017;120(11):1812–1824. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren J, Zhang Y. Targeting autophagy in aging and aging-related cardiovascular diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018;39(12):1064–1076. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2018.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren J, Sowers JR, Zhang Y. Metabolic stress, autophagy, and cardiovascular aging: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29(10):699–711. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mialet-Perez J, Vindis C. Autophagy in health and disease: focus on the cardiovascular system. Essays Biochem. 2017;61(6):721–732. doi:10.1042/EBC20170022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Y, Chen H, Gao J, Liu Y, Li J, Wang J. Molecular machinery and interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in coronary heart disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2019;136:27–41. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiersma M, Meijering RAM, Qi XY, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is associated with autophagy and cardiomyocyte remodeling in experimental and human atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):e006458. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.006458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin R, Wu S, Zhu D, Qin M, Liu X. Osteopontin induces atrial fibrosis by activating Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway and suppressing autophagy. Life Sci. 2020;245:117328. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shingu Y, Takada S, Yokota T, et al. Correlation between increased atrial expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism and autophagy in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0224713. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia L, Verdejo HE, Kuzmicic J, et al. Impaired cardiac autophagy in patients developing postoperative atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(2):451–459. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.07.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Zhao J, Gong Y, et al. Autophagy exacerbates electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation by ubiquitin-dependent degradation of L-type calcium channel. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(9):873. doi:10.1038/s41419-018-0860-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu A, Jia K, Liang H, Jin Q. Comprehensive analysis of autophagy-related genes and patterns of immune cell infiltration in valvular atrial fibrillation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2021;21(1):132. doi:10.1186/s12872-021-01939-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets–update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D991–D995. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D607–D613. doi:10.1093/nar/gky1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu G, Wang LG, Han Y, He QY. clusterProfiler: an R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters. OMICS. 2012;16(5):284–287. doi:10.1089/omi.2011.0118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28(1):27–30. doi:10.1093/nar/28.1.27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Cui G, Esmailian F, et al. Atrial extracellular matrix remodeling and the maintenance of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;109(3):363–368. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000109495.02213.52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Yuan D, Zheng J, et al. Chikusetsu saponin IVa attenuates isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis in mice through activation autophagy mediated by AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling. Phytomedicine. 2019;58:152764. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.11.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu C, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Lv S, Zhang J. An Intervention Target for Myocardial Fibrosis: autophagy. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:6215916. doi:10.1155/2018/6215916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv S, Yuan P, Dong J, et al. QiShenYiQi pill improves the reparative myocardial fibrosis by regulating autophagy. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(19):11283–11293. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Sun J, Guo Y, et al. Calhex231 ameliorates myocardial fibrosis post myocardial infarction in rats through the autophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in macrophages. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(22):13440–13453. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu J, Wang X, Cui X, Kuang W, Li D, Wang J. Quercetin prevents isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis by promoting autophagy via regulating miR-223-3p/FOXO3. Cell Cycle. 2021;20(13):1253–1269. doi:10.1080/15384101.2021.1932029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang XX, Zhang FR, Zhu JH, Xie XD, Chen JZ. Up-regulation of CXC chemokine receptor 4 expression in chronic atrial fibrillation patients with mitral valve disease may be attenuated by renin-angiotensin system blockers. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(4):1145–1151. doi:10.1177/147323000903700419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham SW, Jeon HY, Jin X, et al. TP53 gain-of-function mutation promotes inflammation in glioblastoma. Cell Death Differ. 2019;26(3):409–425. doi:10.1038/s41418-018-0126-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai M, Boudreault J, Wang N, et al. Differential Regulation of Cancer Progression by CDK4/6 Plays a Central Role in DNA Replication and Repair Pathways. Cancer Res. 2021;81(5):1332–1346. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Shen X, Feng W, et al. D-galactose induces senescence of glioblastoma cells through YAP-CDK6 pathway [published online ahead of print, 2020 Sep 29]. Aging. 2020;12(18):18501–18521. doi:10.18632/aging.103819
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu K, Graves JD, Lee YJ, Lin FT, Lin WC. Cell Cycle-Dependent Switch of TopBP1 Functions by Cdk2 and Akt. Mol Cell Biol. 2020;40(8):e00599–19. doi:10.1128/MCB.00599-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SN, Lombardi R, Karmouch J, et al. DNA Damage Response/TP53 Pathway Is Activated and Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Associated With LMNA (Lamin A/C) Mutations. Circ Res. 2019;124(6):856–873. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.314238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood ME, Cocciolo A, Porter KF, et al. Transcriptome signature of ventricular arrhythmia in dilated cardiomyopathy reveals increased fibrosis and activated TP53. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2020;139:124–134. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnhuber A, Egemnazarov B, Biasin V, et al. CDK4/6 inhibition enhances pulmonary inflammatory infiltration in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):167. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01433-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkov N, King ME, Moeller J, Liu H, Li X, Zhang P. MicroRNA-1-Mediated Inhibition of Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation Through Targeting Cyclin D2 and CDK6. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:65. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi H, Liu Y, Li S, et al. Activation of AMPK Attenuated Cardiac Fibrosis by Inhibiting CDK2 via p21/p27 and miR-29 Family Pathways in Rats. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2017;8:277–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapiro SD, Ranjan AK, Kawase Y, et al. Cyclin A2 induces cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction through cytokinesis of adult cardiomyocytes. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(224):224ra27. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3007668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu P, Sun H, Zhou X, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a key mediator in atrial fibrillation via bioinformatics analysis and functional identification. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(9):813. doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04109-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu PY, Joshi MS, Horlock D, Kiriazis H, Kaye DM. CXCR4 Antagonism Reduces Cardiac Fibrosis and Improves Cardiac Performance in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:117. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar