Causes and Risk Factors for Male Infertility: A Scoping Review of Published Studies

References

• Abarikwu SO. Causes and risk factors for male-factor infertility in Nigeria: a review. Afr J Reprod Health. 2013;17:150–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolesnikova LI, Kolesnikov SI, Kurashova NA, Bairova TA. Causes and factors of male infertility. Annals Russ acad med sci. 2015;70(5):579–584. doi:10.15690/vramn.v70.i5.1445
   Google Scholar
• Punab M, Poolamets O, Paju P, et al. Causes of male infertility: a 9-year prospective monocentre study on 1737 patients with reduced total sperm counts. Hu Reprod. 2017;32(1):18–31. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A. Male infertility; evidences, risk factors, causes, diagnosis and management in human. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2017;5(3):188. doi:10.21767/2386-5180.1000188
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta P, Nwagha U, Dutta S, Krajewska-Kulak E, Izuka E. Evidence for decreasing sperm count in African population from 1965 to 2015. Afr Health Sci. 2017;17(2):418–427. doi:10.4314/ahs.v17i2.16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar N, Singh AK. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: a review of literature. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2015;8(4):191–196. doi:10.4103/0974-1208.170370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 6th ed. World Health Organization; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Dabaja AA, Schlegel PN. Medical treatment of male infertility. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(1):9–16. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.01.06
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ombelet W, Van Robays J. Artificial insemination history: hurdles and milestones. Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 2015;7(2):137–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelkader AM, Yeh J. The potential use of intrauterine insemination as a basic option for infertility: a review for technology-limited medical settings. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2009;2009:1–11. Article ID 584837. doi:10.1155/2009/584837
   Google Scholar
• Iketubosin F. In vitro fertilization embryo transfer processes and pathway: a review from practice perspective. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;35(3):227–232. doi:10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_83_18
   Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe AG. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection and other aspects of new reproductive technologies. Arch Dis Child. 2000;83(2):98–101. doi:10.1136/adc.83.2.98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandy A. Adoption: an option in infertility. Curr Med Issues. 2016;14(4):104. doi:10.4103/0973-4651.194474
   Google Scholar
• Shiraishi E, Takae S, Faizal AM, Sugimoto K, Okamoto A, Suzuki N. The scenario of adoption and foster care in relation to the reproductive medicine practice in Asia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3466. doi:10.3390/ijerph18073466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak S, Baker HG. Clinical management of male infertility. Endotext [internet]; 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279160/. Accessed June 8, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Barratt CL, Björndahl L, De Jonge CJ, et al. The diagnosis of male infertility: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance—challenges and future research opportunities. Hum Reprod Update. 2017;23(6):660–680. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fainberg J, Kashanian JA. Recent advances in understanding and managing male infertility. F1000Res. 2019;8:670. doi:10.12688/f1000research.17076.1
   Google Scholar
• Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):143. doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32. doi:10.1080/1364557032000119616
   Google Scholar
• PRISMA - Transparent reporting of systematic reviewe and meta-analysis. Available from https://prisma-statement.org/Extensions/ScopingReviews
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed A, Bello A, Mbibu NH, Maitama HY, Kalayi GD. Epidemiological and aetiological factors of male infertility in northern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract. 2010;13:205–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okonofua F, Omo-Aghoja LO, Menakaya U, Onemu SO, Bergstrom S. A case-control study of risk factors for male infertility in Southern Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;22:136–143. doi:10.4314/tjog.v22i2.14513
   Google Scholar
• Osazuwa F, Aiguobarueghian OI, Alekwe L, Imade PE, Ibadin KO. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile males and its association with abnormal semen characteristics in Delta State, Nigeria. Tanzan J Health Res. 2013;15. doi:10.4314/thrb.v15i2.3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smolak A, Chemaitelly H, Hermez JG, Low N, Abu-Raddad LJ. Epidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis in the Middle East and north Africa: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Lancet Glob. 2019;7(9):e1197–e1225. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30279-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olayemi F. Review on some causes of male infertility. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9:20.
   Google Scholar
• Olooto WE. Infertility in male; risk factors, causes and management-A review. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res. 2012;2(4):641–645.
   Google Scholar
• Uadia PO, Emokpae AM. Male infertility in Nigeria: a neglected reproductive health issue requiring attention. J Basic Clin Reprod Sci. 2015;4(2):45–53. doi:10.4103/2278-960X.161042
   Google Scholar
• Jeje EA, Alabi TO, Ojewola RW, Ogunjimia MA, Osunkoya SA. Male infertility: an audit of 70 cases in a single centre. Arab J Urol. 2016;22(3):223–226. doi:10.1016/j.afju.2015.10.003
   Google Scholar
• Garba-Alkali AE, Adesiyun AG, Randawa AJ. Semen profile of male partners of women attending infertility clinic in Zaria, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;35(3):256–260. doi:10.4103/TJOG.TJOG_18_18
   Google Scholar
• Idrisa A, Ojiyi E, Tomfafi O, Kamara TB, Pindiga HU. Male contribution to infertility in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Trop J Obstet Gynaecol. 2001;18(2):87–90. doi:10.4314/tjog.v18i2.14437
   Google Scholar
• Enwurua CA, Iwalokuna B, Enwuru VN, Ezechi O, Oluwadun A. The effect of presence of facultative bacteria species on semen and sperm quality of men seeking fertility care. Afr J Urol. 2016;22(3):213–222. doi:10.1016/j.afju.2016.03.010
   Google Scholar
• Emokpae MA, Uadia PO, Sadiq NM. Contribution of bacterial infection to male infertility in Nigerians. Online J Health Allied Sci. 2009;8(1).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26627176_Contribution_of_Bacterial_Infection_to_Male_Infertility_in_Nigerians
   Google Scholar
• Ugwuja E, Ugwu N, Ejikeme B. Prevalence of low sperm count and abnormal semen parameters in male partners of women consulting at infertility clinic in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2008;12(1):67–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folkvord S, Odegaard OA, Sundby J. Male infertility in Zimbabwe. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;59(3):239–243. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2005.08.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibadin KO, Enabulele OI, Eghafona NO, Osemwenkha AP. Seroevidence of chlamydia trachomatis infection in infertile male and its association with semen quality In University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Benin J Postgrad Med. 2009;11. doi:10.4314/bjpm.v11i1.48820
   Google Scholar
• Osegbe D, Amaku E. The causes of male infertility in 504 consecutive Nigerian patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 1985;17(4):349–358. doi:10.1007/BF02083505
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayasgalan G, Naranbat D, Radnaabazar J, Lhagvasuren T, Rowe PJ. Male infertility: risk factors in Mongolian men. Asian J Androl. 2004;6(4):305–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright C, Milne S, Leeson H. Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online. 2014;28(6):684–703. doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahboubi M, Foroughi F, Ghahramani F, Shahandeh H, Moradi S, Shirzadian T. A case–control study of the factors affecting male infertility. Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44(5):862–865. doi:10.3906/sag-1304-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil AA, Hussien HM, Sarhan EM. Oxidative stress induces idiopathic infertility in Egyptian males. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(6):1516–1522. doi:10.4314/ajb.v11i6
   Google Scholar
• Leisegang K, Udodong A, Bouic PJD, Henkel RR. Effect of the metabolic syndrome on male reproductive function: a case-controlled pilot study. Andrologia. 2014;46(2):167–176. doi:10.1111/and.12060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlin A, Raicu F, Gatta V, Zuccarello D, Palka G, Foresta C. Male infertility: role of genetic background. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007;14(6):734–745. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60677-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlin A, Foresta C. New genetic markers for male infertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2014;26(3):193–198. doi:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krausz C, Giachini C. Genetic risk factors in male infertility. Arch Androl. 2007;53(3):125–133. doi:10.1080/01485010701271786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosaad YM, Shahin D, Elkholy AAM, Mosbah A, Badawy W. CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene and male infertility in Egyptian patients. Andrologia. 2012;44(1):26–33. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01100.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roshdy OH, Hussein TM, Zakaria NH, Sabry AA. Glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 gene polymorphism in Egyptian patients with idiopathic male infertility. Andrologia. 2015;47(5):587–593. doi:10.1111/and.12306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omran GA, Gaber HD, Mostafa NAM, Abdel-Gaber RM, Salah EA. Potential hazards of bisphenol A exposure to semen quality and sperm DNA integrity among infertile men. Reprod Toxicol. 2018;81:188–195. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eloualid A, Rouba H, Rhaissi H, et al. Prevalence of the Aurora kinase C c. 144delC mutation in infertile Moroccan men. Fertil Steril. 2014;101(4):1086–1090. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.12.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorbel M, Baklouti-Gargouri S, Keskes R, et al. Deletion of CDY1b copy of Y chromosome CDY1 gene is a risk factor of male infertility in Tunisian men. Gene. 2014;548(2):251–255. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.07.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikechebelu JI, Adinma JIB, Orie EF, Ikegwuonu SO. High prevalence of male infertility in southeastern Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2003;23(6):657–659. doi:10.1080/01443610310001604475
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emeghe IN, Ekeke ON. Sero-Prevalence of anti-sperm antibodies in infertile males in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. East Afr Med J. 2017;94(2):125–130.
   Google Scholar
• Ness RB, Markovic N, Carlson CL, Coughlin MT. Do men become infertile after having sexually transmitted urethritis? An epidemiologic examination. Fertil Steril. 1997;68(2):205–213. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81502-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durairajanayagam D. Lifestyle causes of male infertility. Arab J Urol. 2018;16(1):10–20. doi:10.1016/j.aju.2017.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbella A, Aboulmakarim S, Hardizi H, Zaidouni A, Bezad R. Infertility in the Moroccan population: major risk factors encountered in the reproductive health centre in Rabat. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30:195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meri ZB, Irshid IB, Migdadi M, Irshid AB, Mhanna SA. Does cigarette smoking affect seminal fluid parameters? A comparative study. Oman Med J. 2013;28(1):12–15. doi:10.5001/omj.2013.03
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mostafa T. Cigarette smoking and male infertility. J Adv Res. 2010;1(3):179–186. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2010.05.002
   Google Scholar
• Bornman MS, Schulenburg GW, Boomker D, Chauke TR, Reif S. Observations in infertile African males at an andrology clinic in South Africa. Arch Androl. 1994;33(2):101–104. doi:10.3109/01485019408987810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abayomi BA, Afolabi BM, Victor DA, Oyetunji I. Semen parameters associated with male infertility in a Sub-Saharan black population: the effect of age and body mass index. J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2018;1:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hajshafiha M, Ghareaghaji R, Salemi S, Sadegh-Asadi N, Sadeghi-Bazargani H. Association of body mass index with some fertility markers among male partners of infertile couples. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:447. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S41341
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keszthelyi M, Gyarmathy VA, Kaposi A, Kopa Z. The potential role of central obesity in male infertility: body mass index versus waist to Hip ratio as they relate to selected semen parameters. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8413-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ, Skjærven R, Baird DD. Men’s body mass index and infertility. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(9):2488–2493. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oghagbon EK, Jimoh AAG, Adebisi SA. Seminal fluid analysis and biophysical profile: findings and relevance in infertile males in Ilorin, Nigeria. Afri J Clin Exp Microbiol. 2004;5(3):280–284. doi:10.4314/ajcem.v5i3.7392
   Google Scholar
• Egwurugwu JN, Nwafor A, Chike CPR, et al. The relationship between body mass index, semen and sex hormones in adult male. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2011;26:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amah H, Nwachukwu C, Obiajuru I, Amah C. Studies on the male partners of couples presenting with infertility. Int j Biol Chem Sci. 2012;6(6):6062–6068.
   Google Scholar
• Alshahrani S, Ahmed AF, Gabr AH, Abalhassan M, Ahmad G. The impact of body mass index on semen parameters in infertile men. Andrologia. 2016;48(10):1125–1129. doi:10.1111/and.12549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katib A. Mechanisms linking obesity to male infertility. Cent European J Urol. 2015;68(1):79. doi:10.5173/ceju.2015.01.435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkel R, Sandhu IS, Agarwal A. The excessive use of antioxidant therapy: a possible cause of male infertility? Andrologia. 2019;51(1):e13162. doi:10.1111/and.13162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkel R, Offor U, Fisher D. The role of infections and leukocytes in male infertility. Andrologia. 2020;53:e13743. doi:10.1111/and.13743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leisegang K, Sengupta P, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Obesity and male infertility: mechanisms and management. Andrologia. 2020;53:e13617. doi:10.1111/and.13617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inhorn MC, King L, Nriagu JO, et al. Occupational and environmental exposures to heavy metals: risk factors for male infertility in Lebanon? Reprod Toxicol. 2008;25(2):203–212. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Otaibi ST. Male infertility among bakers associated with exposure to high environmental temperature at the workplace. J Taibah Univ Medical Sci. 2018;13(2):103. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saalu LC, Osinubi AA. Environmental endocrine disruptors of testicular function. Afri J Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;8(1):15–25.
   Google Scholar
• Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L. Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hu Reprod. 2001;16(8):1768–1776. doi:10.1093/humrep/16.8.1768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aneck-Hahn NH, Schulenburg GW, Bornman MS, Farias P, de Jager C. Impaired semen quality associated with environmental DDT exposure in young men living in a malaria area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. J Androl. 2007;28(3):423–434. doi:10.2164/jandrol.106.001701
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akinloye O, Arowojolu AO, Shittu OB, Anetor JI. Cadmium toxicity: a possible cause of male infertility in Nigeria. Reprod Biol. 2006;6(1):17–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibeh IN, Uraih N, Ogonar JI. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin in human male infertility in Benin City, Nigeria. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1994;39(4):208–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunson DB, Baird DD, Colombo B. Increased infertility with age in men and women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(1):51–56. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000100153.24061.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakopoulos P, Garcia-Velasco J, Bosch E, et al. ICSI does not offer any benefit over conventional IVF across different ovarian response categories in non-male factor infertility: a European multicenter analysis. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36(10):2067–2076. doi:10.1007/s10815-019-01563-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant R, Gandhi G, Allahbadia GN. In vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility. Indian J Urol. 2011;27(1):121–132. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.78430
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alsaikhan B, Alrabeeah K, Delouya G, Zini A. Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian J Androl. 2016;18(2):179–181. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.172640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarow JP. Effects of varicocele on male fertility. Hum Reprod Update. 2001;7(1):59–64. doi:10.1093/humupd/7.1.59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe RM. Lifestyle and environmental contribution to male infertility. Br Med Bull. 2000;56(3):630–642. doi:10.1258/0007142001903436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar