References
- Dukik K, Muñoz JF, Jiang Y, et al. Novel taxa of thermally dimorphic systemic pathogens in the Ajellomycetaceae (Onygenales). Mycoses. 2017;60:296–309. doi:10.1111/myc.12601
- Schwartz IS, Maphanga TG, Govender NP. Emergomyces: a new genus of dimorphic fungal pathogens causing disseminated disease among immunocompromised persons globally. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2018;12:44–50. doi:10.1007/s12281-018-0308-y
- Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Corcoran C, et al. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of disseminated emmonsiosis: a retrospective case series. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):1004–1012. doi:10.1093/cid/civ439
- Schwartz IS, Kenyon C, Lehloenya R, et al. AIDS-related endemic mycoses in Western Cape, South Africa, and clinical mimics: a cross-sectional study of adults with advanced HIV and recent-onset, widespread skin lesions. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(4):1–7. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx186
- Schwartz IS, McLoud JD, Berman D, et al. Molecular detection of airborne Emergomyces africanus, a thermally dimorphic fungal pathogen, in Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(1):1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006174
- Maphanga T, Britz E, Zulu TG, et al. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of yeast and mold phases of isolates of dimorphic fungal pathogen Emergomycesafricanus (Formerly Emmonsia sp.) from HIV-Infected South African Patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;56:1812–1820. doi:10.1128/JCM.02524-16
- Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Sigler L, et al. Emergomyces: the global rise of new dimorphic fungal pathogens. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15(9):e1007977. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007977
- Crombie K, Spengane Z, Locketz M, et al. Paradoxical worsening of Emergomyces africanus infection in an HIV-infected male on itraconazole and antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12(3):1–7. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006173
- Heys I, Taljaard J, Orth H. An Emmonsia species causing disseminated infection in South Africa. N Eng J Med. 2014;370:283–284.
- van Hougenhouck-Tulleken WG, Papavarnavas NS, Nel JS, et al. HIV-associated disseminated emmonsiosis, Johannesburg, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(12):2164–2166. doi:10.3201/eid2012.140902
- Kenyon C, Bonorchis K, Corcoran C, et al. A dimorphic fungus causing disseminated infection in South Africa. N Eng J Med. 2013;369(15):1416–1424. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1215460
- Lochan H, Naicker P, Maphanga T, et al. A case of emmonsiosis in an HIV-infected child. South Afr J HIV Med. 2015;16(1). doi:10.4102/sajhivmed.v16i1.352
- Rooms I, Mugisha P, Gambichler T, et al. Disseminated emergomycosis in a person with HIV infection, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(9):1750–1751. doi:10.3201/eid2509.181234
- Schwartz IS, Lerm B, Hoving JC, et al. Emergomyces africanus in Soil, South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(2):377–380. doi:10.3201/eid2402.171351
- Muñoz JF, McEwen JG, Clay OK, Cuomo CA. Genome analysis reveals evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation in systemic dimorphic fungi. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1–13. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22816-6
- Lerm B, Kenyon C, Schwartz IS, et al. First report of urease activity in the novel systemic fungal pathogen Emergomyces africanus: a comparison with the neurotrope Cryptococcus neoformans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2017;17. doi:10.1093/femsyr/fox069
- Rodrigues ML, Albuquerque PC. Searching for a change: the need for increased support for public health and research on fungal diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018;12:1–5. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006479
- Ibe C. The fight against mycoses in Africa, are we making progress? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28:9–12. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.004
- Nargesi S, Bongomin F, Hedayati MT. The impact of covid-19 pandemic on aids-related mycoses and fungal neglected tropical diseases: why should we worry? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009092. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009092
- Govender NP, Grayson W. Emergomycosis (Emergomyces africanus) in advanced HIV disease. Dermatopathology. 2019;6:63–69. doi:10.1159/000495405
- Mah J, Bakker A, Tseng C, et al. Isolated Pulmonary Emergomycosis in an Immunocompetent Patient in Alberta, Canada. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(3). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac021
- Moodley A, Mosam A, Govender NP, Mahabeer Y, Chateau AV. Emergomyces africanus: the Mimicking Fungus. Dermatopathology. 2019;6:157–162. doi:10.1159/000497608
- Linder KA, Kauffman CA. Histoplasmosis: epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical Manifestations. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 2019;13(3):120–128. doi:10.1007/s12281-019-00341-x
- Maphanga TG, Naicker SD, Gómez BL, et al. Cross-reactivity of a Histoplasma capsulatum antigen enzyme immunoassay in urine specimens from persons with emergomycosis in South Africa. Med Mycol. 2021;59(7):672–682. doi:10.1093/mmy/myaa100
- Azar MM, Hage CA. Laboratory diagnostics for histoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:1612–1620. doi:10.1128/JCM.02430-16
- Schwartz IS, Sanche S, Wiederhold NP, Patterson TF, Sigler L. Emergomyces canadensis, a Dimorphic Fungus Causing Fatal Systemic Human Disease in North America. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:758–761. doi:10.3201/eid2404.171765
- World Health Organisation (WHO). Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV. World Health Organisation; 2022.
- Ibe C, Okoye CA. Integrated healthcare approach can curb the increasing cases of cryptococcosis in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010625. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010625
- Driemeyer C, Falci DR, Oladele RO, et al. The current state of clinical mycology in Africa: a European Confederation of Medical Mycology and International Society for Human and Animal Mycology survey. Lancet Microbe Preprint. 2022;3(6):e464–e470. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00190-7
- Oladele R, Otu AA, Olubamwo O, et al. Evaluation of knowledge and awareness of invasive fungal infections amongst resident doctors in Nigeria. Pan Af Med J. 2020;36:1–11. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.36.297.23279