Rise of Pregabalin Poisoning and Abuse Cases in Serbia: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study

References

• Chincholkar M. Gabapentinoids: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and considerations for clinical practice. Br J Pain. 2020;14(2):104–114. doi:10.1177/2049463720912496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdi A. Opioids and gabapentinoids utilisation and their related-mortality trends in the United Kingdom primary care setting, 2010–2019: a cross-national, population-based comparison study. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:732345. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.732345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen ME. Gabapentinoid use in the United States 2002 through 2015. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(2):292–294. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.7856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman CW, Brett AS. Gabapentin and pregabalin for pain - is increased prescribing a cause for concern? N Engl J Med. 2017;377(5):411–414. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1704633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomershine CS. Pregabalin for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain Res. 2010;3:81–88. doi:10.2147/jpr.s7884
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ALIMS. Home page; 2022. Available from: https://www.alims.gov.rs/english/. Accessed December 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Evoy KE, Sadrameli S, Contreras J, Covvey JR, Peckham AM, Morrison MD. Abuse and misuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: a systematic review update. Drugs. 2021;81(1):125–156. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01432-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappini S, Schifano F. A decade of gabapentinoid misuse: an analysis of the European Medicines agency’s “suspected adverse drug reactions” database. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(7):647–654. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0359-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly C, Griffin E, Ashcroft DM, Webb RT, Perry IJ, Arensman E. Intentional drug overdose involving pregabalin and gabapentin: findings from the national self-harm registry Ireland, 2007–2015. Clin Drug Investig. 2018;38(4):373–380. doi:10.1007/s40261-017-0616-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hägg S, Jönsson AK, Ahlner J. Current evidence on abuse and misuse of gabapentinoids. Drug Saf. 2020;43(12):1235–1254. doi:10.1007/s40264-020-00985-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evoy KE, Peckham AM, Covvey JR, Tidgewell KJ. Gabapentinoid pharmacology in the context of emerging misuse liability. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61(Suppl 2):S89–S99. doi:10.1002/jcph.1833
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schifano F. Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern? CNS Drugs. 2014;28(6):491–496. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0164-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rietjens SJ, Sikma MA, Hunault CC, de Lange DW, Hondebrink L. Pregabalin poisoning: evaluation of dose-toxicity relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(3):1288–1297. doi:10.1111/bcp.15073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isoardi KZ, Polkinghorne G, Harris K, Isbister GK. Pregabalin poisoning and rising recreational use: a retrospective observational series. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;86(12):2435–2440. doi:10.1111/bcp.14348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SM, Dart RC, Katz NP, et al. Classification and definition of misuse, abuse, and related events in clinical trials: ACTTION systematic review and recommendations. Pain. 2013;154(11):2287–2296. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, Pronczuk de Garbino J. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):205–213. doi:10.3109/15563659809028940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunovic M, Dzudovic J, Kilibarda V, Vucinic S, Djordjevic S. Validation of the rapid and simple LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of pregabalin in plasma of acutely poisoned patients. Acta Chromatographica. 2023. doi:10.1556/1326.2023.01104
   Google Scholar
• Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Home. Available from: https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-US/. Accessed March 8, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA Annual Report. Annual report 2010-The State of the drugs problem in Europe 2010. State Drugs Probl Eur. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/926/EMCDDA_AR2010_EN_242720.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Tambon M, Ponté C, Jouanjus E, et al. Gabapentinoid abuse in France: evidence on health consequences and new points of vigilance. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:639780. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.639780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossin R, Scott D, Arunogiri S, Smith K, Dietze PM, Lubman DI. Pregabalin misuse-related ambulance attendances in Victoria, 2012–2017: characteristics of patients and attendances. Med J Aust. 2019;210(2):75–79. doi:10.5694/mja2.12036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikh MY, Alshahrani AM, Almutairi RD, et al. Analysis of gabapentinoids abuse-reports in the Middle East and North Africa region utilizing the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Pharmacol Toxicol Biomed Rep. 2021;7(1):5–8. doi:10.5530/ptb.2021.7.2
   Google Scholar
• Dufayet L, Care W, Deheul S, et al. Increase in pregabalin recreational use in adolescents in France. Clin Toxicol. 2021;59(11):1027–1030. doi:10.1080/15563650.2021.18927191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mula M. Suicidality and antiepileptic drugs in people with epilepsy: an update. Expert Rev Neurother. 2022;22:405–410. doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2064744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molero Y, Larsson H, D’Onofrio BM, Sharp DJ, Fazel S. Associations between gabapentinoids and suicidal behaviour, unintentional overdoses, injuries, road traffic incidents, and violent crime: population based cohort study in Sweden. BMJ. 2019;l2147. doi:10.1136/bmj.l2147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patorno E. Anticonvulsant medications and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, or violent death. JAMA. 2010;303(14):1401. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evoy KE, Covvey JR, Peckham AM, Ochs L, Hultgren KE. Reports of gabapentin and pregabalin abuse, misuse, dependence, or overdose: an analysis of the Food And Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS). Res Social Adm Pharm. 2019;15(8):953–958. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.06.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancia M, Gambelunghe A, Gili A, Bacci M, Aroni K, Gambelunghe C. Pregabalin abuse in combination with other drugs: monitoring among methadone patients. Front Psychiatry. 2020;10:1022. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schifano F, D’Offizi S, Piccione M, et al. Is there a recreational misuse potential for pregabalin? Analysis of anecdotal online reports in comparison with related gabapentin and clonazepam data. Psychother Psychosom. 2011;80(2):118–122. doi:10.1159/000321079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed M, Zeiss R, Gahr M, Connemann BJ, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C. Intranasal pregabalin administration: a review of the literature and the worldwide spontaneous reporting system of adverse drug reactions. Brain Sci. 2019;9(11):322. doi:10.3390/brainsci9110322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman M, Casey P. Pregabalin abuse for enhancing sexual performance: case discussion and literature review. Ir J Psychol Med. 2014;31(4):281–286. doi:10.1017/ipm.2014.41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy R, McGuinness D, Hallahan B. Pregabalin-induced sexual disinhibition. Ir J Psychol Med. 2017;37(1):55–58. doi:10.1017/ipm.2017.5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bucur M. Pregabalin and libido- case reports. Open Neuropsychopharmacol J. 2011;5(1):8–9. doi:10.2174/1876523801104010008
   Google Scholar
• Nahar LK, Murphy KG, Paterson S. Misuse and mortality related to gabapentin and pregabalin are being under-estimated: a two-year post-mortem population study. J Anal Toxicol. 2019;43(7):564–570. doi:10.1093/jat/bkz036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksakal E, Bakirci EM, Emet M, Uzkeser M. Complete atrioventricular block due to overdose of pregabalin. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):2101.e1–2101.e21014. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2012.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavo A, Stagnaro FM, Salzano A, et al. Pregabalin-induced first degree atrioventricular block in a young patient treated for pain from extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2017;87(3):838. doi:10.4081/monaldi.2017.838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajesh K, Jathinder K, Ihtisham M, Gordon P. Pregabalin overdose causing sinus bradycardia – a rare complication. J Cardiovasc Med Cardiol. 2021;007–009. doi:10.17352/2455-2976.000160
   Google Scholar
• Patsalos PN, Spencer EP, Berry DJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy: a 2018 update. Ther Drug Monit. 2018;40(5):526–548. doi:10.1097/FTD.0000000000000546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood DM, Berry DJ, Glover G, Eastwood J, Dargan PI. Significant pregabalin toxicity managed with supportive care alone. J Med Toxicol. 2010;6(4):435–437. doi:10.1007/s13181-010-0052-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braga AJ, Chidley K. Self-poisoning with lamotrigine and pregabalin. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(5):524–527. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04913.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard J, Yates C, Calello DP, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for gabapentin and pregabalin poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Am J Kidney Dis. 2022;79(1):88–104. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.06.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA, DSC. FDA Warns About Serious Breathing Problems with Seizure and Nerve Pain Medicines Gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and Pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR). United States: FDA; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Peckham AM, Ananickal MJ, Sclar DA. Gabapentin use, abuse, and the US opioid epidemic: the case for reclassification as a controlled substance and the need for pharmacovigilance. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2018;11:109–116. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S168504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torjesen I. Pregabalin and gabapentin: what impact will reclassification have on doctors and patients? BMJ. 2019;364:l1107. doi:10.1136/bmj.l1107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Althunian TA, Alomran MI, Alsagri GM, Alrasheed MM, Alshammari TM. The impact of regulatory restrictions on pregabalin use in Saudi Arabia: an interrupted time series analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2022;31(5):577–582. doi:10.1002/pds.5408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar