The Association Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Management

References

• Houge IS, Hoff M, Halsan O, Videm VJCR. Exercise Self-Efficacy and patient global assessment were associated with 6-min walk test distance in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2022;41(12):3687–3696. doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06309-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Goel A. Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with anti-inflammatory natural products. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;6:1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Neycheva S, Naseva E, Batalov Z, Karalilova R, Batalov A. Adherence to biological therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study. Rheumatology. 2023;19:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Patanè M, Carmisciano L, Hysa E, et al. Engineered glove to evaluate hand disability in rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot-study. Joint Bone Spine. 2022;89(1):105272. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolino S, Hysa E, Stoian SA, et al. Metabolic profile and bone status in post-menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: a monocentric retrospective survey. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ln A, Ss A, Mi A, Pjc B. Rheumatoid arthritis and depression: an inflammatory perspective - ScienceDirect. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:164–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung J, Lim J, Bang C, Seok H, Song G. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2021;24(6):774–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu S, Li M, Jin S, Lu H. Rheumatoid arthritis and cardio-cerebrovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Genet. 2021;12:745224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerola AM, Kazemi A, Rollefstad S, et al. All-cause and cause-specific mortality in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: a nationwide registry study. Rheumatology. 2022;61(12):4656–4666. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawako M, Balsam P, Lodziński P, Grabowski M, Kosiuk J. Cardiac arrhythmias in autoimmune diseases. Circ J. 2020;84:5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkshoorn B, Raadsen R. Nurmohamed, cardiovascular disease risk in rheumatoid arthritis anno 2022. J Clin Med. 2022;11(10):2704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson TM, Sayles HR, Baker JF, George MD. England, Investigating changes in disease activity as a mediator of cardiovascular risk reduction with methotrexate use in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80(11):1385–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federico LE, Johnson TM, England BR, et al. Circulating adipokines and associations with incident cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2022;75:768–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegazy H, Folke F, Coronel R, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, Eroglu T. Risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide study. Open Heart. 2022;9(1):e001987. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2022-001987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL. Systemic inflammation and arrhythmic risk: lessons from rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(22):1717–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel KHK, Jones TN, Sattler S, Mason JC, Ng FS. Proarrhythmic electrophysiological and structural remodeling in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;319(5):H1008–H1020. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00401.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen JH, Andreasen L. Atrial fibrillation—a complex polygenetic disease. Eur J Hum Genet. 2021;29(7):1051–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng L-C, Choi SH, Klarin D, et al. Heritability of atrial fibrillation. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017;10(6):e001838. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.117.001838
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chung MK, Refaat M, Shen W-K, et al. Atrial fibrillation: JACC council perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(14):1689–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalstø SM, Siland JE, Rienstra M. Atrial fibrillation genetics update: toward clinical implementation. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019;6:127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada M, Van Wagoner DR. Role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and management. Circ J. 2015;79(3):495–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu L, Emmens R, van Wezenbeek J, et al. Atrial inflammation in different atrial fibrillation subtypes and its relation with clinical risk factors. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(10):1271–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amdur RL, Mukherjee M, Go A, et al. Interleukin-6 is a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease: findings from the CRIC study. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148189. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini PE, Laghi‐Pasini F, Acampa M, et al. Natale, systemic inflammation rapidly induces reversible atrial electrical remodeling: the role of interleukin‐6–mediated changes in connexin expression. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(16):e011006. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.011006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungprasert P, Srivali N. Risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(4):434–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SC, Liu J, Solomon DH. The risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):1091–1095. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang S-Y, Kang K-W, Jo M, Park M. Risk of New-onset acute coronary syndrome and atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with a risk-set and propensity score-matched cohort―a Nationwide cohort study. Circ J. 2021;85(2):194–200. doi:10.1253/circj.CJ-20-0825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindhardsen J, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke in rheumatoid arthritis: Danish nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2012;8:344.
   Google Scholar
• Bacani AK, Crowson CS, Roger VL, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Increased incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015. doi:10.1155/2015/809514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argnani L, Zanetti A, Carrara G, Silvagni E, Guerrini G, Zambon A. Scirè, Rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular risk: retrospective matched-cohort analysis based on the RECORD study of the Italian society for rheumatology. Front Med. 2021;8:745601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer C, Tokarska L, Stühlinger M, et al. Structural cardiac remodeling in atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(11):2199–2208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu AI, Radulescu D, Grosu LC. Remodelling in atrial fibrillation: the impact of amiodarone. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2019;30(3):174–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li TY, Yeo LLL, Ho JSY, et al. Association of electrocardiographic P-wave markers and atrial fibrillation in embolic stroke of undetermined source. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;50(1):46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maheshwari A, Norby FL, Soliman EZ, et al. Refining prediction of atrial fibrillation risk in the general population with analysis of P-wave axis (from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study). Am J Card. 2017;120(11):1980–1984. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narazaki M, Tanaka T. The role and therapeutic targeting of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2017;13(6):535–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao J, Zhang S, Yang S, et al. Interleukin-6-mediated-Ca2+ handling abnormalities contributes to atrial fibrillation in sterile pericarditis rats. Front Immunol. 2021;12:5446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guler H, Seyfeli E, Sahin G, Duru M, Akgul F, Saglam H. P wave dispersion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: its relation with clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27(9):813–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tascanov M, Screening HT. The relationship between prolidase activity and atrial electromechanical changes in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2019;22(1):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uçar D, Em S, Bozkurt M, et al. M. Disorders, Serum prolidase activity in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Med Insights. 2013;6:S12602.
   Google Scholar
• Hori Y, Nakahara S, Fukuda R, et al. Atrial reverse remodeling represented by the atrial conduction time in persistent atrial fibrillation patients after catheter ablation: its impact on predicting late atrial fibrillation recurrence. J Cardiol. 2020;75(5):521–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai H, Wang X, Yin S, et al. Atrial fibrillation promotion in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(12):e007320. doi:10.1161/JAHA.117.007320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthold E, Månsson B, Gullstrand B, Geborek P, Saxne T, Bengtsson A. Tumour necrosis factor-α/etanercept complexes in serum predict long-term efficacy of etanercept treatment in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2018;47(1):22–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S-H, Chen Y-C, Chen Y-J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α alters calcium handling and increases arrhythmogenesis of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes. Life Sci. 2007;80(19):1806–1815. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.02.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry WL, Morganroth J, Pearlman AS, et al. Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1976;53(2):273–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu D, Peng L, Ghista DN, Wong K. Technology, Left atrial remodeling mechanisms associated with atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Eng Technol. 2021;12(3):361–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zhang S, Liu Z, Zhao X, Yuan Y, Sheng L. Resveratrol prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting atrial structural and metabolic remodeling in collagen-induced arthritis rats. Naunyn-Schmiedeb Arch Pharmacol. 2018;391(11):1179–1190. doi:10.1007/s00210-018-1554-9
   Google Scholar
• Meune C, Wahbi K, Assous N, Weber S, Kahan A. Myocardial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled tissue-Doppler echocardiography study. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(10):2005–2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CY, Zhang JR, Hu WN. Atrial fibrosis underlying atrial fibrillation. Int J Mol Med. 2021;47(3):1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcalde Ó, Cabrera GS, Vallès GE, Benito VB, Zuccarino F. Martí-almor, rheumatoid arthritis with severe atrial fibrosis and multiple atrial arrhythmias: chronic atrial myocarditis? Rev Esp Cardiol. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2017.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertelsen L, Diederichsen SZ, Haugan KJ, et al. Left atrial late gadolinium enhancement is associated with incident atrial fibrillation as detected by continuous monitoring with implantable loop recorders. Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(8):1690–1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Chen Q, Ma S. Left atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation: mechanisms, clinical evaluation and management. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25(6):2764–2775. doi:10.1111/jcmm.16350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradham W, Ormseth MJ, Elumogo C, et al. Absence of fibrosis and inflammation by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low to moderate disease activity. J Rheumatol. 2018;45(8):1078–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan Y-H, Chang G-J, Lai Y-J, et al. Atrial fibrillation and its arrhythmogenesis associated with insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2019;18(1):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma AK, Bhatt D, Goyal Y, Dev K, Beg MMA, Alsahli MA. Association of rheumatoid arthritis with diabetic comorbidity: correlating accelerated insulin resistance to inflammatory responses in patients. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;12:809–820.
   Google Scholar
• Chen P-S, Chen LS, Fishbein MC, Lin S-F, Nattel S. Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation: pathophysiology and therapy. Circ Res. 2014;114(9):1500–1515. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopman F, Van Maanen M, Vervoordeldonk MJ. Balancing the autonomic nervous system to reduce inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. J Intern Med. 2017;282(1):64–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki M, Yamada T, Furukawa Y, et al. Are cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and epicardial adipose tissue associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation in patients without heart failure? Int J Cardiol. 2020;303:41–48. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.11.092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlan AM, Paton JF, Lip GY, Kitas GD, Fisher JP. Increased sympathetic nerve activity and reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Physiol. 2017;595(3):967–981. doi:10.1113/JP272944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peçanha T, Meireles K, Pinto AJ, et al. Increased sympathetic and haemodynamic responses to exercise and muscle metaboreflex activation in post‐menopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Physiol. 2021;599(3):927–941. doi:10.1113/JP280892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syngle A, Verma I, Krishan P. Interleukin-6 blockade improves autonomic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Reumatol. 2015;40(1):85–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Chen M, Zhuo C, Huang Y, Zheng L, Wang Q. The effect of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Heart J. 2020;61(6):1174–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Z, Zhang D, Ji Q, Yi F. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system prevents and cures atrial fibrillation: an overview of systematic reviews. Medicine. 2021;100:18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han M, Zhang Y, Sun S, et al. Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors prevent the recurrence of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013;62(4):405–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AJ. The renin–angiotensin system in cardiovascular autonomic control: recent developments and clinical implications. Clin Auton Res. 2019;29(2):231–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mascolo A, Urbanek K, De Angelis A, et al. Angiotensin II and angiotensin 1–7: which is their role in atrial fibrillation? Heart Fail Rev. 2020;25:367–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braz NFT, Pinto MRC, Vieira ÉLM, et al. Renin–angiotensin system molecules are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol. 2021;31(1):119–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pour SK, Scoville C, Tavernier SS, Aghazadeh-Habashi A. Plasma angiotensin peptides as biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis are correlated with anti-ACE2 auto-antibodies level and disease intensity. Inflammopharmacology. 2022;30(4):1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh AY, Wang N, Yin X, et al. Relations of arterial stiffness and brachial flow–mediated dilation with new-onset atrial fibrillation: the Framingham heart study. Hypertension. 2016;68(3):590–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neal WT, Efird JT, Yeboah J, Nazarian S, Alonso A, Heckbert SR. Brachial flow-mediated dilation and incident atrial fibrillation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(12):2717–2720. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corban MT, Godo S, Burczak DR, et al. Coronary endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(8):e014850. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.014850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M, Arena R. Endothelial dysfunction and pathophysiological correlates in atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2009;95(2):102–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzel T, Sinning C, Post F, Warnholtz A. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostic implications of endothelial dysfunction. Ann Med. 2008;40(3):180–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordy R, Totoson P, Prati C, Marie C, Wendling D, Demougeot C. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(7):404–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassu S, Zinellu A, Sotgia S, et al. Oxidative stress biomarkers and peripheral endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: a monocentric cross-sectional case-control study. Molecules. 2020;25(17):3855. doi:10.3390/molecules25173855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarli B, Baktir AO, Cebicci M, et al. Predictors of endothelial dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Angiology. 2014;65(9):778–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhmedov A, Crucet M, Simic B, et al. TNFα induces endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis via LOX-1 and arginase 2: reversal by monoclonal TNFα antibodies. Cardiovasc Res. 2022;118(1):254–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosello S, Santoliquido A, Zoli A, Di Campli C, Flore R, Tondi P. TNF-alpha blockade induces a reversible but transient effect on endothelial dysfunction in patients with long-standing severe rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(7):833–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capria A, De Nardo D, Baffetti F, Barbini U, Violo A, Tondo T. pharmacology, Long-term anti-TNF-α treatments reverse the endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: the biological coherence between synovial and endothelial inflammation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23(1):255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciftci O, Yilmaz S, Topcu S, et al. Impaired coronary microvascular function and increased intima-media thickness in rheumatoid arthritis. Atherosclerosis. 2008;198(2):332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konwerski M, Gąsecka A, Opolski G, Grabowski M, Mazurek T. Role of epicardial adipose tissue in cardiovascular diseases: a review. Biology. 2022;11(3):355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iten L, Carroz P, Domenichini G, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue and atrial fibrillation. Rev Med Suisse. 2022;18(783):1048–1051. doi:10.53738/REVMED.2022.18.783.1048
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fatma E, Bunyamin K, Savas S, et al. Epicardial fat thickness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(2):489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpaydın S, Buyukterzi Z, Akkurt HE, Yılmaz H. Impaired left ventricular diastolic functions and thickened epicardial adipose tissue in rheumatoid arthritis patients is correlated with DAS-28 score. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2017;33(2):182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macheret F, Bartz TM, Djousse L, et al. Higher circulating adiponectin levels are associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation in older adults. Heart. 2015;101(17):1368–1374. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YH, Bae S-C. Circulating adiponectin and visfatin levels in rheumatoid arthritis and their correlation with disease activity: a meta‐analysis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2018;21(3):664–672. doi:10.1111/1756-185X.13038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szumilas K, Szumilas P, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Zgutka K, Pawlik A. Role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(21):8265. doi:10.3390/ijms21218265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren M, Li X, Hao L. Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation: a novel potential therapeutic target? Ann Med. 2015;47(4):316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bili A, Tang X, Pranesh S, et al. Research, Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor use and decreased risk for incident coronary events in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2014;66(3):355–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljung L, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Jacobsson LT, Askling J. Response to biological treatment and subsequent risk of coronary events in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(12):2087–2094. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozen G, Pedro S. The risk of cardiovascular events associated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(5):648–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfi F, Franza L, Carusi V, Altamura S, Andriollo G, Nucera E. Nucera, Interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(15):5238. doi:10.3390/ijms21155238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia X, Cheng X, Wu N, et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-6 in atrial fibrillation: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Anatol J Cardiol. 2021;25(12):872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalloul Y, Refaat MM. Refaat, Il‐6 rapidly induces reversible atrial electrical remodeling by downregulation of cardiac connexins. Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(16):e013638. doi:10.1161/JAHA.119.013638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Rane M. Interleukin-6 signaling and anti-interleukin-6 therapeutics in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2021;128(11):1728–1746. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacchiega BC, Bacchiega AB, Usnayo MJG, Bedirian R, Singh G, Pinheiro GDRC. Interleukin 6 inhibition and coronary artery disease in a High‐Risk population: a prospective Community‐Based clinical study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(3):e005038. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.005038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Zhang F, Yang M. Increasing level of interleukin-1β in epicardial adipose tissue is associated with persistent atrial fibrillation. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2020;40(1):64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsushita N, Ishida N, Ibi M, et al. IL-1β plays an important role in pressure overload-induced atrial fibrillation in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2019;42(4):543–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levescot A, Chang MH, Schnell J, et al. Blaustein, IL-1β–driven osteoclastogenic Tregs accelerate bone erosion in arthritis. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Wu W, Zhang M, Chen C. Taraxasterol suppresses inflammation in IL-1β-induced rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes and rheumatoid arthritis progression in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019;70:274–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong H, He X, Wang L, et al. Association between IL1B polymorphisms and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;83:106401. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold DD, Yalamanoglu A, Boyman O. Systematic review of safety and efficacy of IL-1-targeted biologics in treating immune-mediated disorders. Front Immunol. 2022;13:888392. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.888392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morinobu A. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Med. 2020;43(4):148–155. doi:10.1080/25785826.2020.1770948
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hao L, Ren M, Rong B, Xie F. m. medicine, TWEAK/Fn14 mediates atrial‐derived HL‐1 myocytes hypertrophy via JAK 2/STAT 3 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(9):4344–4353. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore MN. Glucocorticoid and opioid use in rheumatoid arthritis management. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2021;33(3):277–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruyssen-Witrand A, Constantin A. Controversies in rheumatoid arthritis glucocorticoid therapy. Jt Bone Spine. 2018;85(4):417–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen CF, Christensen S, Mehnert F, Cummings SR, Chapurlat RD, Sørensen HT. Glucocorticoid use and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a population-based, case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(18):1677–1683. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwasaki YK, Sekiguchi A, Kato T, Yamashita T. Glucocorticoid induces atrial arrhythmogenesis via modification of ion channel gene expression in rats molecular evidence for stress-induced atrial fibrillation. Int Heart J. 2022;63(2):375–383. doi:10.1536/ihj.21-677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirk EL, Reggiori F. Hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and beyond. EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12(8):e12476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Shields KJ, Manzi S, Wasko MC, Sharma T. Association of Hydroxychloroquine use with decreased incident atrial fibrillation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2021;73(6):828–832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey JS, Amit G. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: how much atrial fibrillation is enough to cause a stroke? Curr Opin Neurol. 2020;33(1):17–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Ma W, Liu H, et al. Stroke risk in arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semb AG, Rollefstad S, Sexton J, et al. Oral anticoagulant treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients with atrial fibrillation results of an international audit. Int J Cardiol. 2022;42:101117. doi:10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101117
   Google Scholar
• Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. EP Eur. 2018;20(1):e1–e160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen S-N, Liu N, Li S-N, et al. Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Cardiol. 2015;66(4):320–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haq IU, Lodhi FK, Anan AR, et al. Safety and efficacy outcomes of atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(3):261–268. doi:10.1016/j.hroo.2022.03.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korodi S, Toganel R, Benedek T, et al. Impact of inflammation-mediated myocardial fibrosis on the risk of recurrence after successful ablation of atrial fibrillation–the FIBRO-RISK study: protocol for a non-randomized clinical trial. Medicine. 2019;98:9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama T, Sekiguchi Y, Tada H, et al. Comparison of characteristics and significance of immediate versus early versus no recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;103(9):1249–1254.
   Google Scholar
• Budin CE, Cocuz IG, Sabău AH, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis related to amiodarone—is it a standard pathophysiological pattern? A case-based literature review. Diagnostics. 2022;12(12):3217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diesler R, Cottin V. Pulmonary fibrosis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: from pathophysiology to treatment strategies. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2022;16(5):541–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Si-Qi L, Yan-Min Y, Jun Z, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker on one-year outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from a multicenter registry study in China. JGC. 2020;17(12):750.
   Google Scholar
• Testa D, Calvacchi S, Petrelli F, et al. One year in review 2021: pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;39(3):445–452.
   Google Scholar
• Harada M. Implications of inflammation and fibrosis in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology. Risk Factor Atrial Fibrillation. 2021;13(1):25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer PW, Anderson R, Ker JA. Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2018;29(5):317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semb AG, Ikdahl E, Wibetoe G, Crowson C, Rollefstad S. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(7):361–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar